The hands of oviraptorosaurs, showing basal oviraptorosaurs (A-B), Caenagnathidae (C-G) and Oviraptoridae (H-R). Colors signify diagnostic attributes of each group, with blue representing caenagnathid features (1-7), red representing oviraptorid features (8-15), green representing “ingeniine” features (16-21), light orange representing other features (22-25) not evenly distributed among taxa, and violet representing features basal to or restricted to non-caenagnathoid oviraptorosaurs (26-31). See text for clarification. A, Protarchaeopteryx robusta, based on NGMC 2127; B, Caudipteryx sp., based on IVPP V12430; C, Anzu wyliei, based on CM 78000; D, Gigantoraptor erlianensis, based on LH V0011; E, Chirostenotes pergracilis, based on CMN 2367 and RTMP 1979.20.1; F, Hagryphus giganteus, based on UMNH VP 12765; G, Elmisaurus rarus, based on ZPAL MgD-I/98; H, Wulatelong gobiensis, based on IVPP V18409; I, Oviraptor philoceratops, based on AMNH FABR 6517; J, the Bayan Mandahu “oviraptorine,” IVPP V9608; K, the Zamyn Khondt “oviraptorid,” MPC-D 100/42; L, Citipati osmolskae, based on MPC-D 100/979; M, Conchoraptor gracilis, based on MPC-D 100/20; N, Khaan mckennai, based on MPC-D 100/1127; O, Machairasaurus leptonychus, based on IVPP V15979; P, Nemegtomaia barsboldi, based on MPC-D 107/15 and 107/16; Q, “Ingenia“ yanshini, based on MPC-D 100/30; R, Heyuannia huangi, based on HYMV1-2.