Famille

Valide Éteint

Elasmosauridae

elasmosaur

Cope 1869

Les élasmosauridés (Elasmosauridae), ou plus simplement élasmosaures, forment une famille fossile de reptiles marins de l'ordre des plésiosauriens ayant vécu durant une importante partie du Crétacé, de l'Hauterivien jusqu'au Maastrichtien, entre environ 130 à 66 millions d'années avant notre ère. Le taxon est initialement établi en 1869 par Edward Drinker Cope afin d'inclure le genre type Elasmosaurus ainsi que l'apparenté Cimoliasaurus, sans toutefois justifier en détail ce regroupement. Au cours des années suivantes, de nombreux auteurs adoptent cette classification en se fondant principalement sur des caractères postcrâniens, faisant des élasmosauridés l'un des trois principaux groupes de plésiosaures reconnus au XIXe siècle, aux côtés des Pliosauridae et les Plesiosauridae. Cependant, la plupart de ces caractères se révèlent par la suite peu diagnostiques, conduisant à inclure au sein des élasmosauridés de nombreux genres aujourd'hui rattachés à d'autres familles de plésiosaures. Une autre famille historiquement considérée comme distincte, les Cimoliasauridae, est finalement reconnue en 2009 comme un synonyme plus récent des élasmosauridés. Avec les Polycotylidae, les élasmosauridés constituent l'un des rares groupes de plésiosauroïdes à avoir subsisté jusqu'à l'extinction Crétacé-Paléogène.

Plage temporelle

Trias

Jurassique

Crétacé

Paléogène

Néogène

252 201 145 66 0 Ma

⚠ Ce taxon présente des occurrences datées dans le Cénozoïque (après 66 Ma). Vérifier l'attribution des données PBDB.

Occurrences PBDB

313

Groupe

Sauroptérygiens

Carnivore aquatic, depth=surface Marin

cliquer pour agrandir

Elasmosaurus platyurus in the Rocky Mountain Dinosaur Resource Center in Woodland Park, Colorado © MCDinosaurhunter · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia

Légende en anglais — traduction française non disponible.

PBDB ↗ Wikipedia ↗

Classification

Sauropterygia Sous-ordre

›

Plesiosauria Ordre

›

Plesiosauroidea Superfamille

›

Elasmosauridae Famille

Sites de découverte 309 sites géolocalisés

Répartition

Principaux pays

🇺🇸 États-Unis

🇳🇿 Nouvelle-Zélande

🇦🇶 Antarctique

🇦🇷 Argentine

🇨🇦 Canada

🇨🇱 Chili

🇷🇺 Russie

🇦🇺 Australie

🇸🇾 Syrie

🇯🇵 Japon

Formations géologiques

Conway

López de Bertodano

Tahora

Snow Hill Island

Allen

Pierre Shale

Dinosaur Park

La Colonia

Quiriquina

Agrio

Distribution temporelle

Danien (66–61.66 Ma)

Maastrichtien (72.2–66 Ma)

117

Campanien (83.6–72.2 Ma)

Santonien (85.7–83.6 Ma)

Coniacien (89.8–85.7 Ma)

Turonien (93.9–89.8 Ma)

Cénomanien (100.5–93.9 Ma)

Albien (113.2–100.5 Ma)

Aptien (121.4–113.2 Ma)

Barrémien (125.77–121.4 Ma)

Hauterivien (132.6–125.77 Ma)

Valanginien (137.05–132.6 Ma)

Berriasien (143.1–137.05 Ma)

Tithonien (149.2–143.1 Ma)

Kimméridgien (154.8–149.2 Ma)

Callovien (165.3–161.5 Ma)

Aalénien (174.7–170.9 Ma)

Pliensbachien (192.9–184.2 Ma)

Norien (227.3–205.7 Ma)

Synonymes (29)

Alzadasaurus kansasensis nomen dubium, species not entered Elasmosauridae

Alzadasaurus tropicus nomen vanum, species not entered Elasmosauridae

Brimosaurus nomen dubium Elasmosauridae

Cimoliasauridae subjective synonym of Elasmosauridae

Cimoliasaurus andium nomen dubium, species not entered Elasmosauridae

Cimoliasaurus cantabrigiensis nomen vanum, species not entered Elasmosauridae

Cimoliasaurus caudalis nomen vanum, species not entered Elasmosauridae

Elasmosaurus amalitskii nomen vanum, species not entered Elasmosauridae

Elasmosaurus kurskensis nomen vanum, species not entered Elasmosauridae

Elasmosaurus orskensis nomen vanum, species not entered Elasmosauridae

Elasmosaurus serdobensis nomen vanum, species not entered Elasmosauridae

Elasmosaurus sternbergi nomen dubium, species not entered Elasmosauridae

Mauisaurus gardneri nomen vanum, species not entered Elasmosauridae

Plesiosaurus constrictus nomen vanum, species not entered Elasmosauridae

Plesiosaurus crassicostatus nomen vanum, species not entered Elasmosauridae

Plesiosaurus gulo nomen dubium, species not entered Elasmosauridae

Plesiosaurus gurgitis nomen vanum, species not entered Elasmosauridae

Plesiosaurus helmersenii nomen vanum, species not entered Elasmosauridae

Plesiosaurus holmesii nomen vanum, species not entered Elasmosauridae

Plesiosaurus hoodii nomen vanum, species not entered Elasmosauridae

Plesiosaurus mackayii nomen vanum, species not entered Elasmosauridae

Plesiosaurus mauritanicus nomen dubium, species not entered Elasmosauridae

Plesiosaurus sutherlandi nomen dubium, species not entered Elasmosauridae

Pliosaurus gigas nomen vanum, species not entered Elasmosauridae

Pliosaurus macrospondylus nomen dubium, species not entered Elasmosauridae

Thalassiosaurus ischiadicus nomen dubium, species not entered Elasmosauridae

Thalassonomosaurus nobilis nomen dubium, species not entered Elasmosauridae

Woolungasaurus nomen dubium Elasmosauridae

Woolungasaurus glendowerensis nomen dubium, species not entered Elasmosauridae

Images 2

Bibliographie

Description originale

R. L. Carroll. 1988. Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution.

Bibliographie (178)

F. E. Novas, J. D’Angelo, and F. Agnolín, R. Otero, J. Garcia Marsà, S. Casadio, K. Lacovara, M. Isasi. 2026. New plesiosaur from the uppermost Cretaceous of Patagonia sheds light on thoracic and caudal anatomy in plesiosaurs. Cretaceous Research DOI ↗

J. O’Gorman, R. Scasso, and F. Medina. 2026. The first record of Tuarangisaurus (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the Maastrichtian of the Lefipán Formation, Chubut, Argentina. Palaeontologia Electronica 29(2):1-39 DOI ↗

J. P. O’Gorman, G. Matelo Mirco, and F. R. Aspromonte. 2026. Cranial anatomy of Kawanectes lafquenianus (Plesiosauria; Elasmosauridae) from La Colonia Formation with comments on the paleobiogeography of the weddellonectians. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology DOI ↗

J. P. O’Gorman, P. M. O’Connor, and E. M. Roberts, M. C. Lamanna. 2025. An elasmosaurid plesiosaur with preserved skull material from the Upper Cretaceous Cape Lamb Member of the Snow Hill Island Formation, Vega Island, Antarctic Peninsula. Ameghiniana 62(1):80-99 DOI ↗

F. R. O’Keefe, E. Armour Smith, and R. O. Clark, R. A. Otero, A. Perella, P. Trask. 2025. A name for the Provincial Fossil of British Columbia: a strange new elasmosaur taxon from the Santonian of Vancouver Island. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 23(1):2489938 DOI ↗

R. A. Otero. 2025. Review of two marine vertebrate assemblages from the Arauco Basin (central Chile) reveals diversity changes throughout the Maastrichtian. Cretaceous Research 166(78):105996 DOI ↗

W. A. Alhalabi, N. Bardet, and S. Sachs, B. P. Kear, I. B. Joude, M. K. Yazbek, P. L. Godoy, M. C. Langer. 2024. Recovering lost time in Syria: New Late Cretaceous (Coniacian-Santonian) elasmosaurid remains from the Palmyrides mountain chain. Cretaceous Research 159(105871):1-10 DOI ↗

J. P. O’Gorman, J. I. Canale, and P. Bona, D. E. Tineo, M. Reguero, M. Cárdenas. 2024. A new elasmosaurid (Plesiosauria: Sauropterygia) from the López de Bertodano Formation: new data on the evolution of the aristonectine morphology. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 22(1):2312302 DOI ↗

J. S. D’Angelo, J. A. G. Marsà, and F. L. Agnolín, F. E. Novas. 2023. Biological implications of the bone microstructure of a new elasmosaurid (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauroidea) from the uppermost Cretaceous of Patagonia. Historical Biology DOI ↗

J. P. O'Gorman and R. A. Otero. 2023. Revision of the short-necked Cretaceous plesiosaurians from New Zealand. Comptes Rendus Palevol 22(6):77-90 DOI ↗

J. P. O'Gorman, A. P. Carignano, and L. Calvo-Marcilese, J. P. Pérez Panera. 2023. A new elasmosaurid (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the upper levels of the La Colonia Formation (upper Maastrichtian), Chubut Province, Argentina. Cretaceous Research DOI ↗

N. G. Zverkov, M. A. Rogov, and V. A. Zakharov, I. G. Danilov, D. V. Grigoriev, M. Kosták. 2023. Northernmost occurrences of plesiosaurs and turtles in the Upper Cretaceous of Eurasia. Cretaceous Research 148:105537:1-17 DOI ↗

A. S. Brum, T. R. Simões, and G. A. Souza, A. E. P. Pinheiro, R. G. Figueiredo, M. W. Caldwell, J. M. Sayão, A. W. A. Kellner. 2022. Ontogeny and evolution of the elasmosaurid neck highlight greater diversity of Antarctic plesiosaurians. Palaeontology 65(2):1-21 DOI ↗

J. A. Campbell, M. T. Mitchell, and M. J. Ryan, J. S. Anderson. 2021. A new elasmosaurid (Sauropterygia: Plesiosauria) from the non-marine to paralic Dinosaur Park Formation of southern Alberta, Canada. PeerJ 9:e10720:1-44 DOI ↗

M. P. Marx, O. Mateus, and M. J. Polcyn, A. S. Schulp, A. O. Gonçalves, L. L. Jacobs. 2021. The cranial anatomy and relationships of Cardiocorax mukulu (Plesiosauria: Elasmosauridae) from Bentiaba, Angola. PLoS ONE 16(8):e0255773:1-51 DOI ↗

I. Meza-Velez and J. P. O'Gorman. 2021. El registro fósil de plesiosaurios (Diapsida, Sauropterygia) en el Perú. Revista peruana de biología 28(2):1-8 DOI ↗

J. P. O'Gorman. 2021. The most complete specimen of Kawanectes lafquenianum (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria): new data on basicranial anatomy and possible sexual dimorphism in elasmosaurids. Cretaceous Research 125(104836):1-19 DOI ↗

R. A. Otero and S. Soto-Acuña. 2021. Wunyelfia maulensis gen. et sp. nov., a new basal aristonectine (Plesiosauria, Elasmosauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous of central Chile. Cretaceous Research 118:104651 DOI ↗

V. Fischer, N. G. Zverkov, and M. S. Arkhangelsky, I. M. Stenshin, I. V. Blagovetshensky, G. N. Uspensky. 2020. A new elasmosaurid plesiosaurian from the Early Cretaceous of Russia marks an early attempt at neck elongation. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society DOI ↗

C. V. Miller, J. P. O'Gorman, and S. W. Salisbury, R. A. Coria, E. M. Roberts, P. M. O.'Connor, M. A. Reguero, M. C. Lamanna. 2020. A new plesiosaur (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) specimen from the Upper Cretaceous of west Antartica, with comments on the ontogeny and morphological diversity of the elasmosaurid pelvic girdle. Annals of Carnegie Museum 86(2):93-106 DOI ↗

J. P. O'Gorman. 2020. First record of Kawanectes lafquenianum (Plesiosauria, Elasmosauridae) from the La Colonia Formation of Argentina, with comments on the mandibular morphology of elasmosaurids. Alcheringa 44(1):176-193 DOI ↗

J. P. O’Gorman, P. Bona, and M. de los Reyes, M. E. Raffi, M. Reguero. 2020. A non-aristonectine plesiosaur from Antarctica reveals new data on the mandibular symphysis of elasmosaurids. Alcheringa DOI ↗

J. P. O'Gorman, R. Otero, and M. Reguero, Z. Gasparini. 2019. Cretaceous Antarctic plesiosaurs: stratigraphy, systematics and paleobiogeography. Advances in Polar Science 30(3):210-227 DOI ↗

J. P. O'Gorman, S. Santillana, and R. Otero, M. Reguero. 2019. A giant elasmosaurid (Sauropterygia; Plesiosauria) from Antarctica: New information on elasmosaurid body size diversity and aristonectine evolutionary scenarios. Cretaceous Research 102:37-58 DOI ↗

M. E. Páramo-Fonseca, J. P. O'Gorman, and Z. Gasparini, S. Padilla, M. L. Parra-Ruge. 2019. A new late Aptian elasmosaurid from the Paja Formation, Villa de Leiva, Colombia. Cretaceous Research 99:30-40 DOI ↗

N. Bardet, M. Segura, and A. Pérez-García. 2018. A plesiosaur (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) from the Cenomanian (Late Cretaceous) of Algora (Guadalajara Province, Central Spain). Cretaceous Research 91:33-40 DOI ↗

M. M. Gilbert, E. L. Bamforth, and L. A. Buatois, R. W. Renaut. 2018. Paleoecology and sedimentology of a vertebrate microfossil assemblage from the easternmost Dinosaur Park Formation (Late Cretaceous, Upper Campanian,) Saskatchewan, Canada: reconstructing diversity in a coastal ecosystem. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 495:227-244 DOI ↗

J. P. O'Gorman, K. M. Panzeri, and M. S. Fernández, S. Santillana, J. J. Moly, M. Reguero. 2018. A new elasmosaurid from the upper Maastrichtian López de Bertodano Formation: new data on weddellonectian diversity. Alcheringa 42(4):575-586 DOI ↗

J. P. O'Gorman, R. A. Coria, and M. Reguero, S. Santillana, T. Mors, M. Cardenas. 2018. The first non-aristonectine elasmosaurid (Sauropterygia; Plesiosauria) cranial material from Antarctica: New data on the evolution of the elasmosaurid basicranium and palate. Cretaceous Research 89:248-263 DOI ↗

R. A. Otero, J. P. O'Gorman, and W. L. Moisley, M. Terezow, J. A. W. McKee. 2018. A juvenile Tuarangisaurus keyesi Wiffen and Moisley 1986 (Plesiosauria, Elasmosauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous of New Zealand, with remarks on its skull ontogeny. Cretaceous Research 85:214-231 DOI ↗

S. Sachs, J. J. Hornung, and U. Scheer. 2018. Mosasaurid and plesiosaurian remains from marginal facies of the lower Campanian (Upper Cretaceous) Bottrop and Vaals formations of western Germany. Cretaceous Research 87:358-367 DOI ↗

A. Santos-Cubedo, B. Poza, and C. d. Santisteban. 2018. Un poco de tierra...un mundo Cretácico: el yacimiento BMG de Portell (Barremiense superior, Castellón) [A handful of land...a Cretaceous world: the BMG site from Portell (upper Barremian, Castellón, Spain)]. Geogaceta 63:91-94

N. Hiller, J. P. O'Gorman, and R. A. Otero, A. A. Mannering. 2017. A reappraisal of the Late Cretaceous Weddellian plesiosaur genus Mauisaurus Hector, 1874. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 60(2):112-128 DOI ↗

J. P. O'Gorman and R. A. Coria. 2017. A new elasmosaurid specimen from the upper Maastrichtian of Antarctica: new evidence of a monophyletic group of Weddellian elasmosaurids. Alcheringa 41(2):240-249 DOI ↗

S. Sachs, J. J. Hornung, and B. P. Kear. 2017. A new basal elasmosaurid (Sauropterygia: Plesiosauria) from the Lower Cretaceous of Germany. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 37:e1301945 DOI ↗

D. J. Serratos, P. Druckenmiller, and R. B. J. Benson. 2017. A new elasmosaurid (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the Bearpaw Shale (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) of Montana demonstrates multiple evolutionary reductions of neck length within Elasmosauridae. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 37(2):e1278608 DOI ↗

S. Bogan, F. L. Agnolin, and F. E. Novas. 2016. New selachian records from the Upper Cretaceous of southern Patagonia: paleobiogeographical implications and the description of a new taxon. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 36(3):e1105235:1-9 DOI ↗

J. P. O'Gorman, M. Talevi, and M. S. Fernández. 2016. Osteology of a perinatal aristonectine (Plesiosauria; Elasmosauridae). Antarctic Science 29(1):61-72 DOI ↗

J. P. O'Gorman. 2016. A small body sized non-aristonectine elasmosaurid (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia with comments on the relationships of the patagonian and antarctic elasmosaurids. Ameghiniana 53(3):245-268 DOI ↗

R. A. Otero. 2016. Taxonomic reassessment of Hydralmosaurus as Styxosaurus: new insights on the elasmosaurid neck evolution throughout the Cretaceous. PeerJ 4:e1777:1-60 DOI ↗

R. A. Otero, J. P. O'Gorman, and N. Hiller, F. R. O.'Keefe, R. E. Fordyce. 2016. Alexandronectes zealandiensis gen. et sp. nov., a new aristonectine plesiosaur from the lower Maastrichtian of New Zealand. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 36(2):e1054494:1-14 DOI ↗

R. Araujo, M. J. Polcyn, and J. Lindgren, L. L. Jacobs, A. S. Schulp, O. Mateus, A. Olímpio Gonçalves, M.-L. Morais. 2015. New aristonectine elasmosaurid plesiosaur specimens from the Early Maastrichtian of Angola and comments on paedomorphism in plesiosaurs. Netherlands Journal of Geosciences —– Geologie en Mijnbouw 94(1):93-108 DOI ↗

R. Araújo, M. J. Polcyn, and A. S. Schulp, O. Mateus, L. L. Jacobs, A. O. Olímpio Gonçalves, M.-L. Morais. 2015. A new elasmosaurid from the early Maastrichtian of Angola and the implications of girdle morphology on swimming style in plesiosaurs. Netherlands Journal of Geosciences — Geologie en Mijnbouw 94(1):109-120 DOI ↗

N. Bardet, V. Fischer, and M. Machalski. 2015. Large predatory marine reptiles from the Albian–Cenomanian of Annopol, Poland. Geological Magazine 153(1):1-16 DOI ↗

Z. Gasparini, J. Sterli, and A. Parras, J. P. O.'Gorman, L. Salgado, J. Varela, D. Pol. 2015. Late Cretaceous reptilian biota of the La Colonia Formation, central Patagonia, Argentina: occurrences, preservation and paleoenvironments. Cretaceous Research 54:154-168 DOI ↗

J. P. O'Gorman, D. G. Lazo, and L. Luci, C. S. Cataldo, E. Schwarz, M. Lescano, M. B. Aguirre-Urreta. 2015. New plesiosaur records from the Lower Cretaceous of the Neuquén Basin, west-central Argentina, with an updated picture of occurrences and facies relationships. Cretaceous Research 56:372-387 DOI ↗

J. P. O'Gorman, L. Salgado, and E. B. Olivero, S. A. Marenssi. 2015. Vegasaurus molyi, gen. et sp. nov. (Plesiosauria, Elasmosauridae), from the Cape Lamb Member (lower maastrichtian) of the Snow Hill Island Formation, Vega Island, Antarctica, and remarks on Wedellian Elasmosauridae. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 35(3):e931285:1-21 DOI ↗

R. A. Otero, S. Soto-Acuña, and C. Salazar, J. L. Oyarzún. 2015. New elasmosaurids (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of the Magallanes Basin, Chilean Patagonia: Evidence of a faunal turnover during the Maastrichtian along the Weddellian Biogeographic Province. Andean Geology 42(2):237-267 DOI ↗

R. A. Otero, S. Soto-Acuña, and D. Rubilar-Rogers. 2015. El registro fósil de plesiosaurios (Sauropterigia) en Chile. Publicación Ocasional del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Chile 63:151-188

R. A. Otero, J. P. O'Gorman, and N. Hiller. 2015. Reassessment of the upper Maastrichtian material from Chile referred to Mauisaurus Hector, 1874 (Plesiosauroidea: Elasmosauridae) and the taxonomical value of the hemispherical propodial head among austral elasmosaurids. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 58(3):252-261 DOI ↗

P. R. Bell, F. Fanti, and M. T. Mitchell, P. J. Currie. 2014. Marine reptiles (Plesiosauria and Mosasauridae) from the Puskwaskau Formation (Santonian-Campanian), West-Central Alberta. Journal of Paleontology 88(1):187-194 DOI ↗

R. B. J. Benson and P. S. Druckenmiller. 2014. Faunal turnover of marine tetrapods during the Jurassic–Cretaceous transition. Biological Reviews 89(1):1-23 DOI ↗

W. R. Callahan, C. M. Mehling, and R. K. Denton Jr, D. C. Parris. 2014. Vertebrate Paleontology and Stratigraphy of the Late Cretaceous Holmdel Park Site, Monmouth County, New Jersey. Dakoterra 6:163-169

H. Cappetta, N. Bardet, and X. Pereda Suberbiola, S. Adnet, D. Akkrim, M. Amalik, A. Benabdallah. 2014. Marine vertebrate faunas from the Maastrichtian phosphates of Benguérir (Ganntour Basin, Morocco): Biostratigraphy, palaeobiogeography and palaeoecology. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 409:217-238 DOI ↗

E. Frey and W. Stinnesbeck. 2014. Plesiosaurs, reptiles between grace and awe. Dinosaurs and Other Reptiles from the Mesozoic of Mexico

B. P. Kear, B. Ekrt, and J. Prokop, G. L. Georgalis. 2014. Turonian marine amniotes from the Bohemian Cretaceous Basin, Czech Republic. Geological Magazine 151(1):183-198 DOI ↗

R. A. Otero, S. Soto-Acuña, and A. O. Vargas, D. Rubilar-Rogers. 2014. A new postcranial skeleton of an elasmosaurid plesiosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of central Chile and reassessment of Cimoliasaurus andium Deecke. Cretaceous Research 50:318-331 DOI ↗

R. A. Otero, S. Soto-Acuña, and A. O. Vargas, D. Rubilar-Rogers, R. E. Yury-Yáñez, C. S. Gutstein. 2014. Additions to the diversity of elasmosaurid plesiosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous of Antarctica. Gondwana Research 26:772-784 DOI ↗

R. A. Otero, S. Soto-Acuña, and F. R. O.'Keefe, J. P. O.'Gorman, W. Stinnesbeck, M. E. Suárez, D. Rubilar-Rogers, C. Salazar, L. A. Quinzio-Sinn. 2014. Aristonectes quiriquinensis sp. nov., a new highly derived elasmosaurid from the upper Maastrichtian of central Chile. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34(1):100-125 DOI ↗

J. A. Campbell, C. J. Schroder-Adams, and J. W. Haggart, P. S. Druckenmiller, M. J. Ryan, G. D. Zazula. 2013. First records of a plesiosaurian (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) and an ichthyosaur (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria) from Yukon, Canada. Canadian Field-Naturalist 127(3):234-239 DOI ↗

O. Hampe. 2013. The forgotten remains of a leptocleidid plesiosaur (Sauropterygia: Plesiosauroidea) from the Early Cretaceous of Gronau (Münsterland, Westphalia, Germany). Palaeontologische Zeitschrift 87:473-491 DOI ↗

J. P. O'Gorman, L. Salgado, and J. Varela, A. Parras. 2013. Elasmosaurs (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the La Colonia Formation (Campanian-Maastrichtian), Argentina. Alcheringa 37(2):259-267 DOI ↗

J. P. O'Gorman, Z. Gasparini, and L. Salgado. 2013. Postcranial morphology of Aristonectes (Plesiosauria, Elasmosauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia and Antarctica. Antarctic Science 25(1):71-82 DOI ↗

R. A. Otero and J. P. O'Gorman. 2013. Identification of the first postcranial skeleton of Aristonectes Cabrera (Plesiosauroidea, Elasmosauridae) from the upper Maastrichtian of the south-eastern Pacific, based on a bivariate graphic analysis. Cretaceous Research 41:86-89 DOI ↗

A. M. Sørensen, F. Surlyk, and J. Lindgren. 2013. Food resources and habitat selection of a diverse vertebrate fauna from the upper lower Campanian of the Kristianstad Basin, southern Sweden. Cretaceous Research 42(1):85-92 DOI ↗

P. Vincent, N. Bardet, and A. Houssaye, M. Amaghzaz. 2013. New plesiosaur specimens from the Maastrichtian Phosphates of Morocco and their implications for the ecology of the latest Cretaceous marine apex predators. Gondwana Research 24(2):796-805 DOI ↗

T. Kubo, M. T. Mitchell, and D. M. Henderson. 2012. Albertonectes vanderveldei, a new elasmosaur (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Alberta. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 32(3):557-572 DOI ↗

O. Mateus, M. J. Polcyn, and L. L. Jacobs, R. Arujo, A. S. Schulp, J. Marinheiro, B. Pereira, D. P. Vineyard. 2012. Cretaceous amniotes from Angola: dinosaurs, pterosaurs, mosasaurs, plesiosaurs, turtles. Actas de V Jornadas Internacionales sobre Paleontologia de Dinosaurios y su Entorno, Salas de los Infantes, Burgos

F. E. Novas, M. Kundrat, and F. L. Agnolin, M. D. Ezcurra, P. E. Ahlberg, M. P. Isasi, A. Arriagada, P. Chafrat. 2012. A new large pterosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 32(6):1447-1452 DOI ↗

J. P. O'Gorman, E. B. Olivero, and D. A. Cabrera. 2012. Gastroliths associated with a juvenile elasmosaur (Plesiosauria, Elasmosauridae) from the Snow Hill Formation (upper Campanian-lower Maastrichtian), Vega Island, Antarctica. Alcheringa 36(4):531-541 DOI ↗

J. P. O'Gorman. 2012. The oldest elasmosaurs (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from Antarctica, Santa Marta Formation (upper Coniacian? Santonian-upper Campanian) and Snow Hill Island Formation (upper Campanian-lower Maastrichtian), James Ross Island. Polar Research 31(11090):1-10 DOI ↗

R. A. Otero, J. F. Parham, and S. Soto-Acuña, P. Jimenez-Huidobro, D. Rubilar-Rogers. 2012. Marine reptiles from Late Cretaceous (early Maastrichtian) deposits in Algarrobo, central Chile. Cretaceous Research 35:124-132 DOI ↗

C. D. Crane. 2011. Vertebrate Paleontology and Taphonomy of the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) Bladen Formation, Bladen County, North Carolina.

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Elasmosauridae

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