Cranial anatomy of Infernogallus jamesi. Photograph (a) and line drawing (b) of the skull of ROM VP 65050 in left lateral view. (c) µCT reconstruction of the skull and mandible, with each bone segmented separately (colours) and retrodeformed (see “Methods”). (d) µCT reconstruction with the mandible removed to show the palatal bones, which protrude ventrally below the cheek margin and the mandibular articulation point of the quadrate. (e) idealised reconstruction of the skull and mandible as they would have appeared in life, showing distinctive reduction of infratemporal fenestra (blue arrow), and rearrangement of pterygoid musculature (orange line) compared to archetypal oviraptorid Citipati osmolskae (f). Dotted blue lines in (e, f) outline internal features obscured by overlying mandibles. bo basioccipital, ect ectopterygoid, fr frontal, j jugal, lac lacrimal, lts laterosphenoid, mvp maxillovomeral process, mPTv pterygoideus ventralismuscle, mx maxilla, p parietal, pal palatine, pbs parabasiphenoid, pmx premaxilla, po postorbital, pt pterygoid, q quadrate, qj quadratojugal, sq squamosal, v vomer. Scale bar as indicated.