Genus
Valid Extinct

Zalmoxes

Weishampel et al. 2003
Etymology Le nom de ce dinosaure fait référence à un important personnage de la culture roumaine. Dans l’antiquité, Zalmoxes (ou Zalmoxis) était le nom d’un esclave de Pythagore qui après avoir été libéré, s’est rendu en Dacie (qui correspond en grande partie à l’actuelle Roumanie) et est devenu un professeur, guérisseur, végétarien et grand prêtre. Plus tard il fut divinisé par les Daces comme un dieu du mystère et de l’extase, des mondes souterrains et de l’immortalité. Il fut à l’origine d’un mouvement religieux a

Zalmoxes is a genus of probable rhabdodontid ornithopod dinosaur from the Maastrichtian age of the Late Cretaceous in what is now Romania. The genus is known from specimens first named as the species Mochlodon robustum in 1899 by Franz Nopcsa before being reclassified as Rhabdodon robustum by him in 1915. In 1990, this name was corrected to Rhabdodon robustus by George Olshevsky and, in 2003, the species was once more reclassified as the type species Zalmoxes robustus. Zalmoxes represents one of the most common vertebrates of Transylvania during the latest Cretaceous period. The generic name refers to the Dacian deity Zalmoxis and the specific name robustus refers to the robustness of the remains. Another species, Zalmoxes shqiperorum, was named in 2003, but this species has since been reassigned to a separate genus of ceratopsian, Ferenceratops.

Temporal range
Triassic
Jurassic
Cretaceous
Paleogene
Neogene
252 201 145 66 0 Ma
PBDB occurrences
44
Group
Dinosaures
Herbivore Ground dwelling, gregarious Terrestrial
Zalmoxes
click to enlarge
Right dentary of Zalmoxes robustus holotype NHMUK R3392 in dorsal and lateral views, from the Sinpetru Formation, Sânpetru (Romania) © Ł. Czepiński & D. Madzia · CC BY 4.0 · Wikimedia
Zalmoxes
Zalmoxes
PBDB Wikipedia
Classification
Dinosauria Unranked clade
Ornithischia Unranked clade
Neornithischia Unranked clade
Pyrodontia Unranked clade
Cerapoda Unranked clade
Ornithopoda Suborder
Iguanodontia Infraorder
Rhabdodontomorpha Unranked clade
Rhabdodontoidea Unranked clade
Zalmoxes Genus
Measurements
Length
3 m
Fossil sites 44 geolocated sites
Distribution
Top countries
🇷🇴 Romania
41
🇦🇹 Austria
2
🇫🇷 France
1
Geological formations
Sebeş
12
Densuș-Ciula
8
Pui Beds
5
Grünbach
2
Râul Mare
2
Şard
2
Bozeş
1
Temporal distribution
Maastrichtian (72.2–66 Ma)
39
Campanian (83.6–72.2 Ma)
5
Species (3)
Camptosaurus inkeyi subjective synonym of Zalmoxes robustus 84 Ma
Onychosaurus hungaricus subjective synonym of Zalmoxes robustus 84 Ma
Zalmoxes robustus 84 Ma
Synonyms (1)
Onychosaurus subjective synonym of Zalmoxes
Images 11
Bibliography
Original description
D. B. Weishampel, C.-M. Jianu, and Z. Csiki, D. B. Norman. 2003. Osteology and phylogeny of Zalmoxes (n. g.), an unusual euornithopod dinosaur from the latest Cretaceous of Romania. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 1(2):65-123 DOI ↗
Bibliography (17)
G. Botfalvai, Z. Csiki-Sava, and L. Kocsis, G. Albert, J. Magyar, E. R. Bodor, D. Tabără, A. Ulyanov, L. Makádi. 2021. ‘X’ marks the spot! Sedimentological, geochemical and palaeontological investigations of upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) vertebrate fossil localities from the Vălioara valley (Densuş-Ciula Formation, Hațeg basin, Romania). Cretaceous Research DOI ↗
Z. Csiki-Sava, M. Vremir, and J. Meng, S. L. Brusatte, M. A. Norell. 2018. Dome-headed, small-brained island mammal from the Late Cretaceous of Romania. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115(19):4857-4862 DOI ↗
S. L. Brusatte, M. Dumbravă, and M. Vremir, Z. Csiki-Sava, R. Totoianu, M. A. Norell. 2017. A catalog of Zalmoxes (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) specimens from the Upper Cretaceous Nălaţ-Vad locality, Haţeg Basin, Romania. American Museum Novitates 3884:1-36 DOI ↗
Z. Csiki-Sava, M. Vremir, and S. Vasile, S. L. Brusatte, G. Dyke, D. Naish, M. A. Norell, R. Totoianu. 2016. The East Side Story – The Transylvanian latest Cretaceous continental vertebrate record and its implications for understanding Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary events. Cretaceous Research 57:662-698 DOI ↗
A. Solomon and V. Codrea. 2015. Some Maastrichtian vertebrates from fluvial channel fill deposits at Pui (Haţeg Basin). Oltenia studii şi comunicări Ştiinţele Naturii 31(2):26-36
M. Vremir, R. Bălc, and Z. Csiki-Sava, S. L. Brusatte, G. Dyke, D. Naish, M. A. Norell. 2014. Petreşti-Arini – An important but ephemeral Upper Cretaceous continental vertebrate site in the southwestern Transylvanian Basin, Romania. Cretaceous Research 49:13-38 DOI ↗
S. Brusatte, M. Vremir, and A. Watanabe, Z. Csiki-Sava, D. Naish, G. J. Dyke, G. M. Erickson, M. A. Norell. 2013. An infant ornithopod dinosaur tibia from the Late Cretaceous of Sebes, Romania. Terra Sebus. Acta Musei Sabesiensis 5:627-644
A.-V. Bojar, Z. Ciski, and D. Grigorescu. 2010. Stable isotope distribution in Maastrichtian vertebrates and paleosols from the Hateg Basin, South Carpathians. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 239:329-342 DOI ↗
V. Codrea, M. Vremir, and C. Jipa, P. Godefroit, Z. Csiki, T. Smith, C. Farcas. 2010. More than just Nopcsa's Transylvanian dinosaurs: A look outside the Hateg Basin. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 293:391-405 DOI ↗
Z. Csiki, D. Grigorescu, and V. Codrea, F. Therrien. 2010. Taphonomic modes in the Maastrichtian continental deposits of the Haţeg Basin, Romania—palaeoecological and palaeobiological inferences. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 293(3-4):375-390 DOI ↗
M. Vremir. 2010. New faunal elements from the Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) continental deposits of Sebeş area (Transylvania). Terra Sebus. Acta Musei Sabesiensis 2010(2):635-684
Z. Csiki, A. Ionescu, and D. Grigorescu. 2008. The Budurone microvertebrate site from the Maastrichtian of the Hateg Basin – flora, fauna, taphonomy and paleoenvironment. Acta Palaeontologica Romaniae 6:49-66
S. Sachs and J. J. Hornung. 2006. Juvenile ornithopod (Dinosauria: Rhabdodontidae) remains from the Upper Cretaceous (lower Campanian, Gosau Group) of Muthmannsdorf (Lower Austria). Géobios 39:415-425 DOI ↗
D. B. Weishampel, C.-M. Jianu, and Z. Csiki, D. B. Norman. 2003. Osteology and phylogeny of Zalmoxes (n. g.), an unusual euornithopod dinosaur from the latest Cretaceous of Romania. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 1(2):65-123 DOI ↗
G. Garcia, S. Duffaud, and M. Feist, B. Marandat, Y. Tambareau, J. Villatte, B. Sigé. 2000. La Neuve, gisement à plantes, invertébrés et vertébrés du Bégudien (Sénonien supérieur continental) du bassin d'Aix-en-Provence [La Neuve, Aix-en-Provence Basin, SE France, a new fossil site bearing plants, invertebrates and vertebrates of Begudian age (continental Late Senonian)]. Geodiversitas 22(3):325-348
D. Grigorescu, M. Venczel, and Z. Csiki, R. Limberea. 1999. New latest Cretaceous microvertebrate fossil assemblages from the Haţeg Basin (Romania). Geologie en Mijnbouw 78:301-314
B. F. Nopcsa. 1900. Dinosaurierreste aus Siebenbürgen (Schädel von Limnosaurus transsylvanicus nov. gen. et spec.) [Dinosaur remains from Transylvania (skull of Limnosaurus transsylvanicus nov. gen. et spec.)]. Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe 68:555-591