humerus
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Representative bones of Pulanesaura eocollum. (a) anterior-to-middle cervical vertebrae (BP/1/6199) in left lateral view; (b) holotypic anterior-most dorsal neural arch (BP/1/6882) in left lateral and anterior views; (c) anterior dorsal neural arch (BP/1/6984) in anterior and right lateral views; (d) anterior mid-dorsal neural arch (BP/1/6183) in anterior and right lateral views; (e) middle dorsal neural arch (BP/1/6770) in posterior view; (f) anterior caudal vertebra (BP/1/6646) in right lateral and posterior views; (g) right humerus (BP/1/6193) in anterior view; (h) left ulna (BP/1/6210) in lateral and proximal views; (i) ?left clavicle (BP/1/6752) in dorsal view; (j) left pedal ungual I (BP/1/6186) in proximal and medial views; (k) left tibia (BP/1/6200) in anterior and lateral views; (l) right ischium (reversed) (BP/1/7366) in lateral view. Abbreviations: aidf, anterior infradiapophyseal fossa; ain, anterior incline of the neural spine; ep, epipophysis; hyp, hyposphene; mr, medial ridge; pp, parapophysis; prdl, prezygodiapophyseal lamina; prz, prezygapophyses; rf, radial fossa; spol, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina; vc, ventral convexity. Scale bars equal 5 cm in a-f and i, j; 10 cm in g, h, k, l. Silhouette drawn by BWM Photographs by BWM.
Skeletal reconstruction and exemplar skeletal remains of Lingwulong shenqi. Silhouette showing preserved elements (a); middle cervical vertebra in left lateral (b) and anterior (c) views; anterior dorsal vertebra in left lateral (d) and anterior (e) views; posterior dorsal vertebra in lateral view (f); sacrum and ilium in left lateral view (g); anterior caudal vertebra in left lateral (h) and anterior (i) views; right scapulocoracoid in lateral view (j); right humerus in anterior view (k); left pubis in lateral view (l); right ischium in lateral (m) views; right femur in posterior view (n); and right tibia in lateral view (o). Abbreviations: ap, ambiens process; ar, acromial ridge; ip, iliac peduncle; naf, notch anterior to glenoid; np, neural spine; podl, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; ppr, prezygapophyseal process ridge; prp, prezygapophysis; pvf, posteroventral fossa; slf, shallow lateral fossa; spol, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina; sprl, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina; wls, wing-like structure. Scale bars = 100 cm for a and 5 cm for b–o
Fig. 5. Forelimb bones of the titanosaurian sauropod Bustingorrytitan shiva gen. et sp. nov. from “Bustingorry II” site, Neuquén Province, Argentina, upper Cenomanian. A. Left coracoid (holotype, MMCH-Pv 59/13) in lateral view. B. Left scapula (holotype, MMCH-Pv 59/11) in lateral view. C. Left humerus (holotype, MMCH-Pv 59/21) in proximal (C1), anterior (C2), and distal (C3) views. D. Right radius (holotype, MMCH-Pv 59/22) in posterior view. E. Left sternal plate (holotype, MMCH-Pv 59/15) in dorsal view. F. Articulated metacarpals I–V (holotype, MMCH-Pv 59/25–29) in proximal (F1), anterior (F2) and distal (F3) views. G. Right ulna (holotype, MMCH-Pv 59/23) in medial (G1) and proximal (G2) views. Abbreviations: cf, coracoid foramen; gas, glenoid articular surface; igl, infraglenoid lip; I–V, metacarpals. Scale bars 200 mm.
Representative taxa from the early Campanian Muthmannsdorf fauna from the Grünbach Formation, eastern Austria. A Doratodon carcharidens (Mesoeucrocodylia) mandible (PIUW 2349/57) in dorsal view (photo by Márton Rabi) B Indeterminate azhdarchid (Pterosauria, Azhdarchidae), left humerus (PIUW 2349/102) in anterior view C ‘Megalosaurus pannoniensis’ basal tetanuran (Theropoda, Tetanurae), tooth (PIUW uncatalogued) in lateral view D Mochlodon suessi (Ornithopoda, Rhabdodontidae), right dentary (holotype, PIUW 2349/2) in medial view. Scale bars equal 2 cm in A, B and D and 1 cm in C.
Plate XII(XIX). Fig. 1. Coelophysis bauri COPE. Sacrum, consisting of three vertebrae and last dorsal vertebra. COPE’s original. Triassic, New Mexico. Preserved in American Museum of Natural History, New York. Nat. size, from a cast in Tübingen. a, right lateral view; b, left lateral view; c, ventral view. Fig. 2. Thecodontosaurus skirtopodus SEELEY sp. Right humerus. Original in Vienna Hofmuseum (Coll. ADLER 1886). Upper Karroo, Cape Colony, South Africa. 1/2 nat. size, from a cast in Tübingen. Fig. 3. Same. Ditto. Proximal end of a right humerus in posterior view. 1/2 nat. size (the lateral part is missing). Fig. 4. Same. Ditto. Distal end of a left humerus in anterior view. 1/2 nat. size. Fig. 5. Same. Ditto. Distal end of a left femur in posterior view. 1/2 nat. size. Fig. 6. Same. Ditto. Proximal end of a left tibia, lateral view. 1/2 nat. size. Fig. 7. Thecodontosaurus browni SEELEY sp. Left femur in posterior view. SEELEY’s original. From the Stormberg Beds of the Telle River near Aliwal North, Cape Colony, South Africa. (From casts in the British Museum and Tübingen.) 1/2 nat. size. Fig. 8. Same. Ditto. Right femur, medial view.
Lusotitan atalaiensis. Photographs of right humerus (proximal half) in (A) anterior (slightly oblique as a result of mounted position), (B) medial, (C) proximal, (D) lateral, and (E) posterior views. Abbreviations: dtp, deltopectoral crest; hh, humeral head. Scale bar = 200 mm.
Left humerus of Haestasaurus becklesii (NHMUK R1870). A, anterior view; B, posterior view; Abbreviations: af, anconeal fossa; dp, deltopectoral crest; hh, humeral head; ltf, lateral triceps fossa; mtf, medial triceps fossa. This fossil was found in strata of the Hastings Beds (late Berriasian—Valanginian in age) on the coast near Hastings, East Sussex, England.
Amniote humerus originally referred to Actiosaurus in anterior view (2). Figures 1 and 2 after Sauvage (1883).
Figure description from paper: "A Cast of BES SC 999, the holotype of Besanosaurus leptorhynchus and (B) interpretative drawing (modified from Dal Sasso & Pinna, 1996). Foetal remains are highlighted with green lines. a astragalus, c calcaneum, Cl clavicle, Co coracoid, Fe femur, Fi Fibula, H humerus, i intermedium, Il Ilium, Is Ischium, P pubis, p pisiform, R radius, r radiale, S scapula, T Tibia, U Ulna, u ulnare; 2, 3, and 4, distal carpals and tarsals; II, III, IV, and V, metacarpals and metatarsals. The apostrophe (‘) indicates left elements. Scale bar represents 50 cm"
Figure description from paper: "A Cast of BES SC 999, the holotype of Besanosaurus leptorhynchus and (B) interpretative drawing (modified from Dal Sasso & Pinna, 1996). Foetal remains are highlighted with green lines. a astragalus, c calcaneum, Cl clavicle, Co coracoid, Fe femur, Fi Fibula, H humerus, i intermedium, Il Ilium, Is Ischium, P pubis, p pisiform, R radius, r radiale, S scapula, T Tibia, U Ulna, u ulnare; 2, 3, and 4, distal carpals and tarsals; II, III, IV, and V, metacarpals and metatarsals. The apostrophe (‘) indicates left elements. Scale bar represents 50 cm"
Figure description from paper: "A Cast of BES SC 999, the holotype of Besanosaurus leptorhynchus and (B) interpretative drawing (modified from Dal Sasso & Pinna, 1996). Foetal remains are highlighted with green lines. a astragalus, c calcaneum, Cl clavicle, Co coracoid, Fe femur, Fi Fibula, H humerus, i intermedium, Il Ilium, Is Ischium, P pubis, p pisiform, R radius, r radiale, S scapula, T Tibia, U Ulna, u ulnare; 2, 3, and 4, distal carpals and tarsals; II, III, IV, and V, metacarpals and metatarsals. The apostrophe (‘) indicates left elements. Scale bar represents 50 cm"
T. regalis FSAC-OB 1, holotype left humerus. In (A), ventral view, (B) dorsal view, (C) anterior view, (D) distal view, and (E) proximal view. Abbreviations: dpc, deltopectoral crest; ect, ectepicondyle; ent, entepicondyle; lc, lateral condyle; mc, medial condyle; pf, pneumatic fossa/foramen; scpr, supracondylar process; uc, ulnar crest; ut, ulnar tubercle.
Eopteranodon lii holotype (BPV 078). (A) Counterpart; (B) main part. (C and D) Respective schematic drawings. Abbreviations: cv, cervical vertebra; co, coracoid; d1–d4, digits 1–4; fe, femur; fi, fibula; h, humerus; j, jugal; mand, mandible; mc, metacarpal; pmc, premaxillary crest; pe, pelvis; ph, phalanx; ti, tibia; ul, ulna; rad, radius. Scale bars: C, 50 mm; D, 10 mm.
Skeleton of Yamaceratops dorngobiensis (MPC-D 100/553) in right dorsolateral view. (A) Photograph; (B) Interpretive drawing. Bones are bounded by solid lines and colored beige; the matrix is gray. Shaded areas represent the broken surface of bones. Abbreviations: cd, caudal vertebrae; dr, dorsal ribs; dv, dorsal vertebrae; f, femur; fi, fibula; h, humerus; L, bone on the left side; p, isolated parietal; pp, pedal phalanges; R, bone on the right side; ra, radius; sk, skull; sv, sacral vertebrae; ti, tibia; u, ulna; il, ilium; is, ischium.
