geology

Geological context of the Lower Cretaceous deposits of southeast England, focussing on the Purbeck Group and Wealden Supergroup. (A) Schematic geology of the Lower Cretaceous deposits of the Weald Sub-basin (southeast England), highlighting published spinosaurid finds (Charig & Milner, 1997; Salisbury & Naish, 2011; Turmine-Juhel et al., 2019). Based on Austen & Batten (2018: Fig. 2). Note that various additional spinosaurid teeth are known from the region but remain undescribed in detail (Fowler, 2007). (B) Simplified stratigraphic column of the Weald Group in southeast England, based on Batten & Austen (2011: Fig. 3.2). Note that the Grinstead Clay Formation, which subdivides the Tunbridge Wells Sands Formation in Batten & Austen (2011) and from which the “Suchosaurus cultridens” type specimen was discovered (Salisbury & Naish, 2011), is downgraded to a member of the latter formation in other works (Hopson, Wilkinson & Woods, 2008) and has not been included in this column. Spinosaurid silhouette courtesy of Dan Folkes (CC-BY 4.0).

Identifier: catalogueoffossi02bri (find matches) Title: Catalogue of the fossil Reptilia and Amphibia in the British Museum (Natural history) ... By Richard Lydekker .. Year: 1888 (1880s) Authors: British Museum (Natural History). Dept. of Geology Lydekker, Richard, 1849-1915 Subjects: Reptiles, Fossil Amphibians, Fossil Publisher: London, Printed by order of the Trustees Contributing Library: Smithsonian Libraries Digitizing Sponsor: Biodiversity Heritage Library View Book Page: Book Viewer About This Book: Catalog Entry View All Images: All Images From Book Click here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book. Text Appearing Before Image: rface smooth; their terminal faces onlyslightly cupped, transversely ellipsoidal, and somewhat angulatod.Dorsals with longer centra, having nearly flat terminal faces, andforward overhang of upper part. Pectoral girdle of the general typeof Pliosaurus, with a small triangular omostornum between theventral plates of the scapula) (fig. 48), which have a strong ridge 1 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xlv. p. 49 (1889). 152 SATJKOPTERYGTA. dividing the ventral from the dorsal portion, and are thus more ofthe type of Thaumatosaurus. Pelvis (figs. 53, 54) like that ofPliosaurus, the pubis and ischium uniting to form an obturatorforamen. Relative lengths of humerus and femur unknown.Humerus articulating distally with only the radius and ulna, whichare relatively short, and separated only by a small interval (fig. 52) ;ulna and fibula subreniform, the former being considerably thelarger of the two. This genus may have been directly derived from the Longiros-trine group of Plesiosaurus. Fig. 49. Text Appearing After Image: Peloneustes philarchus.—Dorsal aspect of the coracoids; from the Oxford Clay of Bedford. Reduced, gl, glenoid cavity. (This and the preceding figure from the Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc.) Peloneustes sequalis (Phillips1). Syn. Pliosaurus cequalis, Phillips2.Pliosaurus sterrodirus, Seeley3. Imperfectly known. Cervical vertebrae with the neural canal•sunk into the centrum, and the pectorals with distinctly concaveterminal faces. Larger than typical examples of the next species. This species was founded upon a femur (fig. 50) from the Kime-ridge Clay of Oxfordshire, which so closely resembles the corre-sponding bone of P.jihilarchus as to indicate its generic identity; the 1 Geology of Oxford, p. 365 (1871).—Plesiosaurus. 2 Loc. cit. 3 Index to Ayes &c. in Cambridge Museum, p. 98 (1869).—No description. PLESI0SATJKIDJE, 153 length of this specimen is 0,572 (23 inches). The undermentionedvertebrae agree in relative size with this femur, and in genericcharacters with those of the ty Note About Images Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.

Identifier: catalogueoffossi02bri (find matches) Title: Catalogue of the fossil Reptilia and Amphibia in the British Museum (Natural history) ... By Richard Lydekker .. Year: 1888 (1880s) Authors: British Museum (Natural History). Dept. of Geology Lydekker, Richard, 1849-1915 Subjects: Reptiles, Fossil Amphibians, Fossil Publisher: London, Printed by order of the Trustees Contributing Library: Smithsonian Libraries Digitizing Sponsor: Biodiversity Heritage Library View Book Page: Book Viewer About This Book: Catalog Entry View All Images: All Images From Book Click here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book. Text Appearing Before Image: pterygian; from theKimeridge Clay of Ely. \. a, proximal, b, distal epiphysis ; c, shaft. 46792. Two still smaller specimens; from the Kimeridge Clay ofDevizes, Wiltshire. Cunnington Collection. R. 400. Two phalangeals; from the Oxford Clay of Weymouth,Dorsetshire. Presented by C. Westendarp, Esq., 1884. 150 SAUEOPTERIGIA. R. 1381. One longitudinal half of the humerus or femur of a me- (Ficj.) dium-sized form, with the inner surface cut and polished; from the Kimeridge Clay of Ely. This specimen is figured in the woodcut on the preceding page, and shows the two epiphyses almost meeting in the middle of the shaft. No history. R. 1381 a. The proximal half of a larger humerus or femur, longitu-dinally bisected; from the Kimeridge Clay of Ely. Thecontour of the proximal epiphysis is well displayed. No history. 46912. The proximal portion of a still larger humerus or femur,longitudinally bisected; from Shotover. The whole ofthe proximal epiphysis is displayed, of which the terminal Kg. 47. Text Appearing After Image: Sauropterygian mandibles.—A. Peloneustesphilarchus; from the Oxford Clay.\. B. Thaitmatosaurus indicus; from the Upper Jurassic of India. ).0. Pksiosaimcs dolichodirus; from the Lower Lias. f. (From the Kec.Geol. Surv. Ind.) PLESI0SAURID2E. 151 extremity appears to have been separated by a small va-cuity from that of the distal epiphysis. No history. 42097. One lateral half of a humerus or femur, with the inner sur- face cut; from the Neocomian bone-bed of Potton, Bed-fordshire. The extremity of one epiphysis is entire anddetached from the shaft, while a section is shown of thatat the opposite end. Purchased, 1870. 42098. A small imperfect femur, with the proximal epiphysis de- tached and lying loose in the cup of the shaft; fromPotton. Purchased, 1870. Genus PELONEUSTES, Lydekker \ Skull and teeth of the general type of Pliosaurus, but the mandible(fig. 47, A) with a longer symphysis, which includes more than adozen teeth. Neck short, with the anterior vertebras relativelyshort. Ve Note About Images Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.

Title: A descriptive catalogue of the marine reptiles of the Oxford clay. Based on the Leeds Collection in the British Museum (Natural History), London .. Identifier: descriptivecatal02brit (find matches) Year: 1910 (1910s) Authors: British Museum (Natural History). Dept. of Geology; Andrews, Charles William, 1866-1924 Subjects: Reptiles, Fossil Publisher: London, Printed by order of the Trustees Contributing Library: Smithsonian Libraries Digitizing Sponsor: Biodiversity Heritage Library View Book Page: Book Viewer About This Book: Catalog Entry View All Images: All Images From Book Click here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book. Text Appearing Before Image: 78 MAEINE EEPTILES OF THE OXEOED CLAT. Test-fig. 30. Text Appearing After Image: aa. Coracoids of Peloneustes evansi: A, from front; B, from above. (E. 3897, 1 nat. size.) glenoid facet; p.e.a., postero-esternal angle; sc.f., facet for scapula; sym., symphysial surface. Note About Images Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.

Title: A descriptive catalogue of the marine reptiles of the Oxford clay. Based on the Leeds Collection in the British Museum (Natural History), London .. Identifier: descriptivecatal02brit (find matches) Year: 1910 (1910s) Authors: British Museum (Natural History). Dept. of Geology; Andrews, Charles William, 1866-1924 Subjects: Reptiles, Fossil Publisher: London, Printed by order of the Trustees Contributing Library: Smithsonian Libraries Digitizing Sponsor: Biodiversity Heritage Library View Book Page: Book Viewer About This Book: Catalog Entry View All Images: All Images From Book Click here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book. Text Appearing Before Image: CATAL,MARINE REPT. OXFORD CLAY. PART II. PLATE IV. col. — v.orb. Text Appearing After Image: pas par. G.M.Woodward Aei.et litli. West.Newznsr. imp. PEEONEUSTES philarghus. Note About Images Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.

Title: A descriptive catalogue of the marine reptiles of the Oxford clay. Based on the Leeds Collection in the British Museum (Natural History), London .. Identifier: descriptivecatal02brit (find matches) Year: 1910 (1910s) Authors: British Museum (Natural History). Dept. of Geology; Andrews, Charles William, 1866-1924 Subjects: Reptiles, Fossil Publisher: London, Printed by order of the Trustees Contributing Library: Smithsonian Libraries Digitizing Sponsor: Biodiversity Heritage Library View Book Page: Book Viewer About This Book: Catalog Entry View All Images: All Images From Book Click here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book. Text Appearing Before Image: CATAL.MARINE REPT. OXFORD CLAY. PART II. FLATE II. Text Appearing After Image: G.M.Woodwa/p& del.etlitfL PLIOSAURUS PEROX. West, Newman imp. Note About Images Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.

Title: A descriptive catalogue of the marine reptiles of the Oxford clay. Based on the Leeds Collection in the British Museum (Natural History), London .. Identifier: descriptivecatal02brit (find matches) Year: 1910 (1910s) Authors: British Museum (Natural History). Dept. of Geology; Andrews, Charles William, 1866-1924 Subjects: Reptiles, Fossil Publisher: London, Printed by order of the Trustees Contributing Library: Smithsonian Libraries Digitizing Sponsor: Biodiversity Heritage Library View Book Page: Book Viewer About This Book: Catalog Entry View All Images: All Images From Book Click here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book. Text Appearing Before Image: CATAL.MARINE KEPT. OXFORD CLAY. PART II. PLATE I. pmcc. Text Appearing After Image: >p77ia:. G.M.Woodward del. etlibh. West, Newman imp. PLIOSAURUS FEROX. Note About Images Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.

Cast of a Scaphognathus crassirostris, a kind of pterosaur. On display as part of the exhibit "Pterosaurs: Flight in the Age of Dinosaurs" at the Cleveland Natural History Museum in Cleveland, Ohio, in the United States. This animal lived about 150 million years ago. This fossil was found in the Solnhofen formation in Germany. This is a cast; the fossil itself is held by the Institute of Geology and Paleontology at the University of Bonn.

Coelophysis bauri (Cope, 1887) theropod dinosaur from the Triassic of New Mexico, USA. This is a remarkable complete skeleton of the small early theropod Coelophysis. It comes from a nearly monospecific concentration of numerous complete to disarticulated skeletons in reddish-colored fluvial siltstones, often called a "Coelophysis graveyard". This occurrence has been interpreted as a carcass-jammed channel filling following mass mortality of dinosaurs by regional drought (see Schwartz & Gillette, 1994). Stratigraphy: Rock Point Member, Chinle Formation, Upper Triassic Locality: Whitaker Quarry (Coelophysis Quarry), Ghost Ranch, Rio Arriba County, northern New Mexico, USA Some info. from: Hunt, A.P. & S.G. Lucas. 1991. Rioarribasaurus, a new name for a Late Triassic dinosaur from New Mexico (USA). Paläontologische Zeitschrift 65: 191-198. Schwartz, H.L. & D.D. Gillette. 1994. Geology and taphonomy of the Coelophysis Quarry, Upper Triassic Chinle Formation, Ghost Ranch, New Mexico. Journal of Paleontology 68: 1118-1130. Theropod were small to large, bipedal dinosaurs. Almost all known members of the group were carnivorous (predators and/or scavengers). They represent the ancestral group to the birds, and some theropods are known to have had feathers. Some of the most well known dinosaurs to the general public are theropods, such as Tyrannosaurus, Allosaurus, and Spinosaurus.

Coelophysis bauri (Cope, 1887) theropod dinosaur from the Triassic of New Mexico, USA. This is a remarkable complete skeleton of the small early theropod Coelophysis. It comes from a nearly monospecific concentration of numerous complete to disarticulated skeletons in reddish-colored fluvial siltstones, often called a "Coelophysis graveyard". This occurrence has been interpreted as a carcass-jammed channel filling following mass mortality of dinosaurs by regional drought (see Schwartz & Gillette, 1994). Stratigraphy: Rock Point Member, Chinle Formation, Upper Triassic Locality: Whitaker Quarry (Coelophysis Quarry), Ghost Ranch, Rio Arriba County, northern New Mexico, USA Some info. from: Hunt, A.P. & S.G. Lucas. 1991. Rioarribasaurus, a new name for a Late Triassic dinosaur from New Mexico (USA). Paläontologische Zeitschrift 65: 191-198. Schwartz, H.L. & D.D. Gillette. 1994. Geology and taphonomy of the Coelophysis Quarry, Upper Triassic Chinle Formation, Ghost Ranch, New Mexico. Journal of Paleontology 68: 1118-1130. Theropod were small to large, bipedal dinosaurs. Almost all known members of the group were carnivorous (predators and/or scavengers). They represent the ancestral group to the birds, and some theropods are known to have had feathers. Some of the most well known dinosaurs to the general public are theropods, such as Tyrannosaurus, Allosaurus, and Spinosaurus.

Coelophysis bauri (Cope, 1887) theropod dinosaur from the Triassic of New Mexico, USA. This is a remarkable complete skeleton of the small early theropod Coelophysis. It comes from a nearly monospecific concentration of numerous complete to disarticulated skeletons in reddish-colored fluvial siltstones, often called a "Coelophysis graveyard". This occurrence has been interpreted as a carcass-jammed channel filling following mass mortality of dinosaurs by regional drought (see Schwartz & Gillette, 1994). Stratigraphy: Rock Point Member, Chinle Formation, Upper Triassic Locality: Whitaker Quarry (Coelophysis Quarry), Ghost Ranch, Rio Arriba County, northern New Mexico, USA Some info. from: Hunt, A.P. & S.G. Lucas. 1991. Rioarribasaurus, a new name for a Late Triassic dinosaur from New Mexico (USA). Paläontologische Zeitschrift 65: 191-198. Schwartz, H.L. & D.D. Gillette. 1994. Geology and taphonomy of the Coelophysis Quarry, Upper Triassic Chinle Formation, Ghost Ranch, New Mexico. Journal of Paleontology 68: 1118-1130. Theropod were small to large, bipedal dinosaurs. Almost all known members of the group were carnivorous (predators and/or scavengers). They represent the ancestral group to the birds, and some theropods are known to have had feathers. Some of the most well known dinosaurs to the general public are theropods, such as Tyrannosaurus, Allosaurus, and Spinosaurus.

Coelophysis bauri (Cope, 1887) theropod dinosaur from the Triassic of New Mexico, USA. This is a remarkable complete skeleton of the small early theropod Coelophysis. It comes from a nearly monospecific concentration of numerous complete to disarticulated skeletons in reddish-colored fluvial siltstones, often called a "Coelophysis graveyard". This occurrence has been interpreted as a carcass-jammed channel filling following mass mortality of dinosaurs by regional drought (see Schwartz & Gillette, 1994). Stratigraphy: Rock Point Member, Chinle Formation, Upper Triassic Locality: Whitaker Quarry (Coelophysis Quarry), Ghost Ranch, Rio Arriba County, northern New Mexico, USA Some info. from: Hunt, A.P. & S.G. Lucas. 1991. Rioarribasaurus, a new name for a Late Triassic dinosaur from New Mexico (USA). Paläontologische Zeitschrift 65: 191-198. Schwartz, H.L. & D.D. Gillette. 1994. Geology and taphonomy of the Coelophysis Quarry, Upper Triassic Chinle Formation, Ghost Ranch, New Mexico. Journal of Paleontology 68: 1118-1130. Theropod were small to large, bipedal dinosaurs. Almost all known members of the group were carnivorous (predators and/or scavengers). They represent the ancestral group to the birds, and some theropods are known to have had feathers. Some of the most well known dinosaurs to the general public are theropods, such as Tyrannosaurus, Allosaurus, and Spinosaurus.

Coelophysis bauri (Cope, 1887) theropod dinosaur from the Triassic of New Mexico, USA. This is a remarkable complete skeleton of the small early theropod Coelophysis. It comes from a nearly monospecific concentration of numerous complete to disarticulated skeletons in reddish-colored fluvial siltstones, often called a "Coelophysis graveyard". This occurrence has been interpreted as a carcass-jammed channel filling following mass mortality of dinosaurs by regional drought (see Schwartz & Gillette, 1994). Stratigraphy: Rock Point Member, Chinle Formation, Upper Triassic Locality: Whitaker Quarry (Coelophysis Quarry), Ghost Ranch, Rio Arriba County, northern New Mexico, USA Some info. from: Hunt, A.P. & S.G. Lucas. 1991. Rioarribasaurus, a new name for a Late Triassic dinosaur from New Mexico (USA). Paläontologische Zeitschrift 65: 191-198. Schwartz, H.L. & D.D. Gillette. 1994. Geology and taphonomy of the Coelophysis Quarry, Upper Triassic Chinle Formation, Ghost Ranch, New Mexico. Journal of Paleontology 68: 1118-1130. Theropod were small to large, bipedal dinosaurs. Almost all known members of the group were carnivorous (predators and/or scavengers). They represent the ancestral group to the birds, and some theropods are known to have had feathers. Some of the most well known dinosaurs to the general public are theropods, such as Tyrannosaurus, Allosaurus, and Spinosaurus.