Dinosauria

Reconstruction of the holotype skull (PIN 3906/2) of the Late Cretaceous sauropod Quaesitosaurus orientalis. Based on Kurzanov & Bannikov 1983,[1] missing elements restored after Nemegtosaurus.[2] Color Key   Preserved   Missing References ↑ (1983). "A new sauropod from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia". Paleontological Journal 2: 90−96. ↑ (2005). "Redescription of the mongolian sauropod Nemegtosaurus mongoliensis nowinski (dinosauria: Saurischia) and comments on late cretaceous sauropod diversity". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 3 (3): 283−318. DOI:10.1017/S1477201905001628.

(A) A phylogenetic principal-component analysis (PCA) represents the projection of the Dinosauria supertree (STAR Methods) into a PCA of climatic variables. PC1 axis shows strong positive correlation with maximum temperature ([temp max), low positive correlation with precipitation seasonality ( precip season), strong negative correlation with minimum temperature (Ytemp min), and strong negative correlation with minimum precipitation (Yprecip min). PC2 axis shows strong positive correlation with minimum temperature ([temp min) and negative correlation with precipitation seasonality (Yprecip season). Shadows around points highlight the relative density in the principal compo- nent space of non-dinosaurian Dinosauromorpha (gray), Ornithischia (blue), Sauropodomorpha (green), and Theropoda (red). (B) Lower left plot shows 95% confidence interval convex hulls for each dinosauromorph subclade. Blue thermometer (top left corner) symbolizes the direction of the vector in the PC space region for cold temper- atures; yellow thermometer (top right corner) indicates the direction of the vector in PC space for warm tem- peratures; brown shrub (top right corner) depicts dry conditions, while the same with a gray, rainy cloud (mid, lower side of the graph) illustrates seasonal conditions. Silhouettes represent the following taxa (clockwise from the higher left corner): Minmi, Edmontosaurus, Pachyrhinosaurus, Tyrannosaurus, Asilisaurus, Graci- liceratops, Harpymimus, Altirhinus, Gobititan, Suz- housaurus, Marasuchus, Pampadromaeus, Herrer- asaurus, Vulcanodon, Diplodocus, Giraffatitan, Coelophysis, Dromomeron, Gondwanatitan, Tapuiasaurus, Anchisaurus, Siamotyrannus, Diodorus, Suchomimus, Phuwiangosaurus, Ouranosaurus, Irritator, Tangvayosaurus, Nanshiungosaurus, Aeolosaurus, Rebbachisaurus, Chuxiongosaurus, Tethyshadros, Koreanosaurus. Genyodectes, Mapusaurus, Vegavis, Goyocephale, and Rhoetosaurus.

Simplified cladogram of Iguanodontia, drawn by me, based on Norman 2004 ("Basal Iguanodontia" in The Dinosauria 2nd Edition).

Diagram depicting the currently named Dinosauria from the Early Cretaceous Cedar Mountain Formation of Utah. Dinosaur taxa: Cedarosaurus weiskopfae → Grand County locality.[1] Length = 15 meters.[2] Cedrorestes crichtoni → Dave's Camp Site locality.[3] Length = 6 meters.[4] Falcarius utahensis → Crystal Geyser Quarry & Suarez Site/Quarry localities.[5] Length = 5 meters.[5] Gastonia burgei → Gaston Quarry, Dalton Wells, Doelling's Bowl localities.[6] Length = 5 meters.[2] Geminiraptor suarezarum → Suarez Site/Quarry locality.[7] Length = 1.5 meters.[4] Hippodraco scutodens → Andrew's Site locality.[8] Length = 4.5 meters.[8] Iguanacolossus fortis → Don's Ridge & Doelling's Bowl localities.[8][6] Length = 9 meters.[8] Martharaptor greenriverensis → Hayden-Corbett Site.[9] Length = Extrapolated after relatives. Mierasaurus bobyoungi → Doelling’s Bowl locality.[10] Length = ∼9 meters.[10][11] Moabosaurus utahensis → Dalton Wells locality.[12] Length = 9.75 meters.[12] Nedcolbertia justinhofmanni → Dalton Wells & Gaston Quarry localities.[13] Length = ∼3 meters.[13] Utahraptor ostrommaysi → Dalton Wells, Gaston Quarry, Stikes Quarry, Utahraptor Ridge localities.[14][6] Length = 5.5 meters.[2] Yurgovuchia doellingi → Don’s Place - Doelling’s Bowl locality.[15] Length = 2.5 meters.[15] References ↑ (1999). "New sauropod from the Lower Cretaceous of Utah, USA". Oryctos 2: 21–37. ↑ a b c (2016) The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs (2nd ed.), Princeton: Princeton University Press ISBN: 9780691167664. ↑ "A possible new basal hadrosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Cedar Mountain Formation of Eastern Utah" in (2007) Horns and Beaks: Ceratopsian and Ornithopod Dinosaurs, Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, pp. 79–89 DOI: 10.2307/j.ctt1zxz1md.10. ISBN: 0-253-34817-X. ↑ a b (2007) Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages, Random House ISBN: 9780375824197. Genus List for Holtz 2012 Weight Information ↑ a b (2010). "Osteology of Falcarius utahensis (Dinosauria: Theropoda): characterizing the anatomy of basal therizinosaurs". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 158 (1): 196–230. DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00464.x. ↑ a b c (2016). "The Lower Cretaceous in East-Central Utah—The Cedar Mountain Formation and its Bounding Strata". Geology of the Intermoutain West 3: 1-130. ↑ (2010). "A New Troodontid Theropod Dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Utah". PLOS ONE 5 (12): e14329. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0014329. PMID 21179513. PMC: 3002269. ↑ a b c d (2010). "New Basal Iguanodonts from the Cedar Mountain Formation of Utah and the Evolution of Thumb-Spiked Dinosaurs". PLOS ONE 5 (11): e14075. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0014075. PMID 21124919. PMC: 2989904. ↑ (2012). "Martharaptor greenriverensis, a New Theropod Dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Utah". PLOS ONE 7 (8): e43911. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0043911. PMID 22952806. PMC: 3430620. ↑ a b (2017). "Descendants of the Jurassic turiasaurs from Iberia found refuge in the Early Cretaceous of western USA". Scientific Reports 7 (1): 14311. DOI:10.1038/s41598-017-14677-2. PMID 29085006. PMC: 5662694. ↑ (2020) Dinosaur Facts and Figures: The Sauropods and Other Sauropodomorphs, Princeton: Princeton University Press ISBN: 9780691202976. ↑ a b (2017). "Moabosaurus Utahensis, N. Gen., N. SP., A New Sauropod From The Early Cretaceous (Aptian) of North America". Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 32 (11): 189–243. ↑ a b (1998). "A small coelurosaurian theropod from the Yellow Cat Member of the Cedar Mountain Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Barremian) of eastern Utah". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 14: 239–248. ↑ (1993). "A large dromaeosaurid (Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Eastern Utah". Hunteria 2 (10): 1–16. ↑ a b (2012). "New Dromaeosaurids (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Utah, and the Evolution of the Dromaeosaurid Tail". PLOS ONE 7 (5): e36790. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0036790. PMID 22615813. PMC: 3352940.

Pectoral girdles and forelimbs of dinosaurs in left lateral view, depicting resting scapular and forelimb orientations in different dinosaurian groups as recommended according to the results of this study. In each case, solid horizontal line is parallel to long axis of sacrum. A. theropods without semilunate carpals (Dilophosaurus wetherilli, UCMP 37302). B. theropods with semilunate carpals other than Caudipteryx (Velociraptor mongoliensis, after reference [60]). C. Caudipteryx (C. sp., after reference [8]). D. ceratopsids (Styracosaurus albertensis, NMC 344). E. basal sauropodomorphs (Plateosaurus engelhardti, AMNH 6810). F. non-hadrosaurian ornithopods (Thescelosaurus neglectus, reference [62]). G. hadrosaurids (Parasaurolophus walkeri, after reference [48]). Angle labels: B = scapular orientation relative to long axis of sacrum. E = elbow angle. S = shoulder angle. W = wrist angle. See Materials and Methods section for descriptions of angles.

Known fossil pieces after Aviatyrannis jurassica (Dinosauria, Theropoda, Coelurosauria, Tyrannosauroidea).[1] Sources ↑ Rauhut O.W.M. (2003), "A tyrannosaurid dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal", Paleontology 46(5): p. 903-910.

Line diagram of the holotype specimen (ZPAL MgD-I/117) of the protoceratopsid Breviceratops kozlowskii. Based on Maryańska & Osmólska 1975,[1] and Czepiński 2019.[2] References ↑ (1975). "Protoceratopsidae (Dinosauria) of Asia". Palaeontologia Polonica 33: 134−143. Archived from the original on 2018-09-21. Retrieved on 2021-07-25. ↑ (2019). "Ontogeny and variation of a protoceratopsid dinosaur Bagaceratops rozhdestvenskyi from the Late Cretaceous of the Gobi Desert". Historical Biology: 1−28. DOI:10.1080/08912963.2019.1593404. Archived from the original on 2021-07-08. Retrieved on 2021-07-25.

Sarcosaurus diagram of known material: reconstruction based on basal Ceratosaurs (such as Berberosaurus and Saltriovenator). The Skull was made to look more generic and less like more derived Ceratosaurs such as Ceratosaurus. "Liassaurus", referred to "cf. Sarcosaurus woodi" and is smaller than the holotype: material in light grey is preserved, but to what extent is uncertain as it is not figured. References: Carrano and Sampson (2004). "A review of coelophysoids (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Jurassic of Europe, with comments on the late history of the Coelophysoidea." N. Jb. Geol. Palaont. Mh., 2004(9): 537-558. (for figures of the material) theropoddatabase.com/Coelophysoidea.htm#Sarcosauruswoodi (for measurements of "Liassaurus") Allain, Ronan & Tykoski, Ronald & Aquesbi, Najat & Jalil, Nour-Eddine & Monbaron, Michel & Russell, Dale & Taquet, Philippe. (2007). An abelisauroid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Jurassic of the High Atlas Mountains, Morocco, and the radiation of Ceratosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 27. 10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[610:AADTFT]2.0.CO;2. (for measurements for Berberosaurus)

Camarasaurus lentus (Marsh, 1889) sauropod dinosaur from the Jurassic of Utah, USA (public display, CM 11338, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA). This is a near-complete juvenile sauropod dinosaur in the original fluvial sandstone matrix - such skeletons are extremely rare. Classification: Animalia, Chordata, Vertebrata, Dinosauria, Sauropodomorpha, Camarasauridae Stratigraphy: Brushy Basin Member, Morrison Formation, Upper Jurassic, 151 Ma Locality: Carnegie Quarry, Dinosaur National Monument, northeastern Utah, USA Sauropod dinosaurs were the largest terrestrial animals ever. They all have the same basic body plan: large body with four walking legs, very long neck & tail, and a small head relative to body size. Sauropods were herbivores, and are often perceived as holding their heads & necks up high to reach vegetation normally out of reach to other organisms. Modern reconstructions of many sauropod species depict them with heads and necks held close to the horizontal, or at low angles above the horizontal.

Camarasaurus lentus (Marsh, 1889) sauropod dinosaur from the Jurassic of Utah, USA (public display, CM 11338, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA). This is a near-complete juvenile sauropod dinosaur in the original fluvial sandstone matrix - such skeletons are extremely rare. Classification: Animalia, Chordata, Vertebrata, Dinosauria, Sauropodomorpha, Camarasauridae Stratigraphy: Brushy Basin Member, Morrison Formation, Upper Jurassic, 151 Ma Locality: Carnegie Quarry, Dinosaur National Monument, northeastern Utah, USA Sauropod dinosaurs were the largest terrestrial animals ever. They all have the same basic body plan: large body with four walking legs, very long neck & tail, and a small head relative to body size. Sauropods were herbivores, and are often perceived as holding their heads & necks up high to reach vegetation normally out of reach to other organisms. Modern reconstructions of many sauropod species depict them with heads and necks held close to the horizontal, or at low angles above the horizontal.

Camarasaurus lentus (Marsh, 1889) sauropod dinosaur from the Jurassic of Utah, USA (public display, CM 11338, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA). This is a near-complete juvenile sauropod dinosaur in the original fluvial sandstone matrix - such skeletons are extremely rare. Classification: Animalia, Chordata, Vertebrata, Dinosauria, Sauropodomorpha, Camarasauridae Stratigraphy: Brushy Basin Member, Morrison Formation, Upper Jurassic, 151 Ma Locality: Carnegie Quarry, Dinosaur National Monument, northeastern Utah, USA Sauropod dinosaurs were the largest terrestrial animals ever. They all have the same basic body plan: large body with four walking legs, very long neck & tail, and a small head relative to body size. Sauropods were herbivores, and are often perceived as holding their heads & necks up high to reach vegetation normally out of reach to other organisms. Modern reconstructions of many sauropod species depict them with heads and necks held close to the horizontal, or at low angles above the horizontal.

Camarasaurus lentus (Marsh, 1889) sauropod dinosaur from the Jurassic of Utah, USA (public display, CM 11338, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA). This is a near-complete juvenile sauropod dinosaur in the original fluvial sandstone matrix - such skeletons are extremely rare. Classification: Animalia, Chordata, Vertebrata, Dinosauria, Sauropodomorpha, Camarasauridae Stratigraphy: Brushy Basin Member, Morrison Formation, Upper Jurassic, 151 Ma Locality: Carnegie Quarry, Dinosaur National Monument, northeastern Utah, USA Sauropod dinosaurs were the largest terrestrial animals ever. They all have the same basic body plan: large body with four walking legs, very long neck & tail, and a small head relative to body size. Sauropods were herbivores, and are often perceived as holding their heads & necks up high to reach vegetation normally out of reach to other organisms. Modern reconstructions of many sauropod species depict them with heads and necks held close to the horizontal, or at low angles above the horizontal.

Sinosauropteryx fossil, from our trip to Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China for National Day Holiday 2007. This is the Inner Mongolia Museum, the biggest museum in the region.

Sinosauropteryx fossil, from our trip to Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China for National Day Holiday 2007. This is the Inner Mongolia Museum, the biggest museum in the region.

Sinosauropteryx fossil, from our trip to Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China for National Day Holiday 2007. This is the Inner Mongolia Museum, the biggest museum in the region.