description

Becklespinax altispinax holotype BMNH R1828 (originally assigned to Megalosaurus bucklandii). Owen's description follows: Three anterior dorsal vertebræ : p, parapophysis, or lower transverse process: t, accessory tubercle contributing some attachment to the head of the rib : d, diapophyses, or upper transverse process, fractured, which gave attachment to the tubercle of the rib: b, oblique buttress extending from the parapophysis to the diapophysis, and contributing to the support of the neural platform : z, the prozygapophysis, z', the zygapophysis, forming the ends of the neural platform and articulating the neural arches of the vertebræ with each other, ns, the neural spine of the foremost of these vertebras, ns', the neural spine of the second vertebra; it expands at its extremity, overhangs the anterior shorter spine, and developes a strong bony plate from its back part which fixes it to n", the similarly developed and modified spine of the third vertebra. The extraordinary size and strength of the spines of these anterior dorsal vertebræ, indicate the great force with which the head and jaws of the Megalosaurus must have been used. From the Wealden, near Battle. In the Museum of Samuel H. Beckles, Esq., F.G.S.

Becklespinax altispinax holotype BMNH R1828 (originally assigned to Megalosaurus bucklandii). Owen's description follows: Three anterior dorsal vertebræ : p, parapophysis, or lower transverse process: t, accessory tubercle contributing some attachment to the head of the rib : d, diapophyses, or upper transverse process, fractured, which gave attachment to the tubercle of the rib: b, oblique buttress extending from the parapophysis to the diapophysis, and contributing to the support of the neural platform : z, the prozygapophysis, z', the zygapophysis, forming the ends of the neural platform and articulating the neural arches of the vertebræ with each other, ns, the neural spine of the foremost of these vertebras, ns', the neural spine of the second vertebra; it expands at its extremity, overhangs the anterior shorter spine, and developes a strong bony plate from its back part which fixes it to n", the similarly developed and modified spine of the third vertebra. The extraordinary size and strength of the spines of these anterior dorsal vertebræ, indicate the great force with which the head and jaws of the Megalosaurus must have been used. From the Wealden, near Battle. In the Museum of Samuel H. Beckles, Esq., F.G.S.

Life restoration of Kansaignathus sogdianus. Modified from drawing of generic dromaeosaur to match figures of the holotype mandible in the description and skeletal reconstructions of related dromaeosaurs.

Skeletal diagram featuring the optimal remains of the holotype of Graciliceratops mongoliensis: ZPAL MgD-I/156.[1] Found in the Bayan Shireh Formation, in the original description the remains were referred to the genus Microceratops (now obsolete).[2] However, Sereno in 2000 noted that there was no base for this referral, then, he created a new genus and species for this specimen.[1] The holotype is very fragmented (specially the skull), consisting of:[2] Fragmented skull; 4 cervical, 12 dorsal and 7 sacral vertebrae; right scapula; proximal end of left scapula; left coracoid; right humerus, radius and fragmentary ulna; proximal and distal end of left humerus; proximal fragments of both pubis; fragments of both illium and fragment of right ischium; right femur, tibia and nearly complete pes; distal part of left tibia, fragmentary left pes; tarsals and isolated ribs.[2] The sacral vertebrae are not fused, an indicator of the immaturity of this specimen; the estimated adult size is about 2 meters long or similar to Protoceratops.[2][1] Right quadratojugal, quadrate and fragmentary jugal were reversed in order to get an optimal view.

A restoration of Rinconsaurus compared to a human , • Based proportionally on fossil elements and skeletal reconstruction featured in the Rinconsaurus description,[1] with missing parts based on other titanosaur reconstructions. The remains of Rinconsaurus represent two adults and a juvenile all of which are incomplete; some of the proportions shown here, such as the neck, limb lengths, and skull shape are not certain. • Osteroderms are not yet known in Rinconsaurus. The osteoderms shown here are based loosely on Mendozasaurus.[2] Osteoderms are known from at least 10 titanosaur genera spread across the family tree but it's not clear if all titanosaurs had them.[3] Titanosaur osteoderms are rare and their layout and position on the body are not certain. [4] • The colours and patterns, as with the majority of reconstructions of prehistoric creatures, are speculative. • Human silhouette approximately 180 cm tall. NOTE: I often update my images. If you want to have any of my images on a website, please (if possible) don’t host/save it to the website server. I’d prefer it if the image's Wikimedia URL is used. This means that if I update an image, it will be updated on the site as well. Thanks. References ↑ Coria, Jorge; B.J.G. Riga (2003). "Rinconsaurus caudamirus gen. et sp nov., a new titanosaurid (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia, Argentina". Revista Geologica de Chile 30 (2): 333–353. ISSN 0716-0208. Retrieved on 2007-05-21. ↑ González Riga B (2003) A new titanosaur (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Mendoza, Argentina. Ameghiniana 40 (2) ↑ Carrano, M.T. and D’Emic, M.D. 2015 'Osteoderms of the titanosaur sauropod dinosaur Alamosaurus sanjuanensis Gilmore, 1922'. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. ↑ Vidal D, Ortega F, Sanz JL (2014) Titanosaur Osteoderms from the Upper Cretaceous of Lo Hueco (Spain) and Their Implications on the Armor of Laurasian Titanosaurs. PLoS ONE 9(8): e102488. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0102488

A restoration of Rinconsaurus compared to a human , • Based proportionally on fossil elements and skeletal reconstruction featured in the Rinconsaurus description,[1] with missing parts based on other titanosaur reconstructions. The remains of Rinconsaurus represent two adults and a juvenile all of which are incomplete; some of the proportions shown here, such as the neck, limb lengths, and skull shape are not certain. • Osteroderms are not yet known in Rinconsaurus. The osteoderms shown here are based loosely on Mendozasaurus.[2] Osteoderms are known from at least 10 titanosaur genera spread across the family tree but it's not clear if all titanosaurs had them.[3] Titanosaur osteoderms are rare and their layout and position on the body are not certain. [4] • The colours and patterns, as with the majority of reconstructions of prehistoric creatures, are speculative. • Human silhouette approximately 180 cm tall. NOTE: I often update my images. If you want to have any of my images on a website, please (if possible) don’t host/save it to the website server. I’d prefer it if the image's Wikimedia URL is used. This means that if I update an image, it will be updated on the site as well. Thanks. References ↑ Coria, Jorge; B.J.G. Riga (2003). "Rinconsaurus caudamirus gen. et sp nov., a new titanosaurid (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia, Argentina". Revista Geologica de Chile 30 (2): 333–353. ISSN 0716-0208. Retrieved on 2007-05-21. ↑ González Riga B (2003) A new titanosaur (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Mendoza, Argentina. Ameghiniana 40 (2) ↑ Carrano, M.T. and D’Emic, M.D. 2015 'Osteoderms of the titanosaur sauropod dinosaur Alamosaurus sanjuanensis Gilmore, 1922'. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. ↑ Vidal D, Ortega F, Sanz JL (2014) Titanosaur Osteoderms from the Upper Cretaceous of Lo Hueco (Spain) and Their Implications on the Armor of Laurasian Titanosaurs. PLoS ONE 9(8): e102488. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0102488

Ahvaytum bahndooiveche size comparison based on the data shown on Lovelace et al., 2025. Yellow dot size & weight its estimated using Mbiresaurus raathi (Griffin et al., 2022) as reference. Green dot size & weight its estimated using Saturnalia tupiniquim (Langer et al., 1999) as reference. Size estimation might change with more new material description in posterior studies.

Drawings of Dryolestida left upper−molar, modified from the original descriptions. A–C, Kimmeridgian; D–F, Tithonian–Berriasian; G–H, early Barremian; I, late Barremian. A. Left M4 or M5 of Comotherium richi Prothero, 1981, from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Como Bluff locality, Wyoming, USA. B. Right M5, reversed, of Dryolestes leiriensis Martin, 1999, from Guimarota, Portugal.C. Left M6 of Krebsotherium lusitanicum Martin, 1999, from Guimarota, Portugal. D. Right M4 or M 6 (reversed) of Portopinheirodon asymmetricus Martin, 1999, Porto Pinheiro, Lourinha, Portugal. E. Right M5 (reversed) of Laolestes andresi Martin, 1999, from Porto Pinheiro, Lourinha, Portugal. F. Right upper molar of Donodon perscriptoris Sigogneau−Russell, 1991, Anoual, Morocco.G. Left M4 orM5 of Crusafontia amoae sp. nov., holotype, Cuesta Corrales 2, El Castellar Formation, Galve, Teruel, Spain. H. Right M6 orM7 (reversed) of Crusafontia amoae sp. nov., first described as upper molar of Crusafontia cuencana by Krebs (1993), P−2 H4 Pelejón 2, Galve, Teruel, Spain. I. Left M2 or M3, of Crusafontia cuencana Henkel and Krebs, 1969, Uña, La Huérguina Formation, Cuenca, Spain, (from Krebs 1993). Scale bars 1 mm.

Pectoral girdles and forelimbs of dinosaurs in left lateral view, depicting resting scapular and forelimb orientations in different dinosaurian groups as recommended according to the results of this study. In each case, solid horizontal line is parallel to long axis of sacrum. A. theropods without semilunate carpals (Dilophosaurus wetherilli, UCMP 37302). B. theropods with semilunate carpals other than Caudipteryx (Velociraptor mongoliensis, after reference [60]). C. Caudipteryx (C. sp., after reference [8]). D. ceratopsids (Styracosaurus albertensis, NMC 344). E. basal sauropodomorphs (Plateosaurus engelhardti, AMNH 6810). F. non-hadrosaurian ornithopods (Thescelosaurus neglectus, reference [62]). G. hadrosaurids (Parasaurolophus walkeri, after reference [48]). Angle labels: B = scapular orientation relative to long axis of sacrum. E = elbow angle. S = shoulder angle. W = wrist angle. See Materials and Methods section for descriptions of angles.

Skull diagram showing the known material of Aardonyx. Based on photographs and measurements in original description and supplementary material. Scale bar = 10 cm

Figure description from paper: "A Cast of BES SC 999, the holotype of Besanosaurus leptorhynchus and (B) interpretative drawing (modified from Dal Sasso & Pinna, 1996). Foetal remains are highlighted with green lines. a astragalus, c calcaneum, Cl clavicle, Co coracoid, Fe femur, Fi Fibula, H humerus, i intermedium, Il Ilium, Is Ischium, P pubis, p pisiform, R radius, r radiale, S scapula, T Tibia, U Ulna, u ulnare; 2, 3, and 4, distal carpals and tarsals; II, III, IV, and V, metacarpals and metatarsals. The apostrophe (‘) indicates left elements. Scale bar represents 50 cm"

Figure description from paper: "A Cast of BES SC 999, the holotype of Besanosaurus leptorhynchus and (B) interpretative drawing (modified from Dal Sasso & Pinna, 1996). Foetal remains are highlighted with green lines. a astragalus, c calcaneum, Cl clavicle, Co coracoid, Fe femur, Fi Fibula, H humerus, i intermedium, Il Ilium, Is Ischium, P pubis, p pisiform, R radius, r radiale, S scapula, T Tibia, U Ulna, u ulnare; 2, 3, and 4, distal carpals and tarsals; II, III, IV, and V, metacarpals and metatarsals. The apostrophe (‘) indicates left elements. Scale bar represents 50 cm"

Figure description from paper: "A Cast of BES SC 999, the holotype of Besanosaurus leptorhynchus and (B) interpretative drawing (modified from Dal Sasso & Pinna, 1996). Foetal remains are highlighted with green lines. a astragalus, c calcaneum, Cl clavicle, Co coracoid, Fe femur, Fi Fibula, H humerus, i intermedium, Il Ilium, Is Ischium, P pubis, p pisiform, R radius, r radiale, S scapula, T Tibia, U Ulna, u ulnare; 2, 3, and 4, distal carpals and tarsals; II, III, IV, and V, metacarpals and metatarsals. The apostrophe (‘) indicates left elements. Scale bar represents 50 cm"

A figure from Notes on Osteology of Baptanodon. With a Description of a New Species.

Various fossils pertaining to the holotype of the Triassic ichthyosaur Toretocnemus californicus. This image is derived from plate 24 in Merriam (1903), done by an uncredited artist. The arrangement of the individual figures has been modified from the original. Original description: Toretocnemus californicus n. gen. and sp. Figures reproduced natural size from the type specimen. Fig. 1. — Inferior side of right posterior limb. t, tibia. Fig. 2. — Right anterior limb. r, radius. Fig. 3.— Pelvic arch. Fig. 4. — Middle dorsal vertebrae and a rib from the same region.

Lamplughsaura dharmarasensis, a basal sauropodomorph from the Lower Jurassic of India, after description by T.S. Kutty et al., 2007, pencil drawing, digital coloring