scale

Chaohusaurus specimen AGM CHS-5, a nearly complete skeleton that is almost as large as AGM I-1. Large scale bars are 10 cm, and short bars 2 cm.

The skull of Janusaurus lundi (PMO 222.654). A: Photo in right lateral view of the skull. B: Right lateral view with interpretation of the individual elements. Abbreviations: a, angular; art, articular; d, dentary; en, external naris; j, jugal; l, lacrimal; mx, maxilla; n, nasal; or, orbit; p, parietal; pmx, premaxilla; po, postorbital; pof, postfrontal; prf, prefrontal; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; sa, surangular; st, supratemporal. Scale = 5 cm.

The holotype and only known specimen of the hauffiopterygian leptonectid, Xiphodracon goldencapensis (ROM VP52596) from Golden Cap, between Charmouth and Seatown, Dorset, UK. The skeleton is exposed in ventrolateral view. The skull has been fully prepared free of matrix whereas most of the skeleton is still in matrix. The left (upper) forefin has been prepared so that it is three-dimensionally preserved and projects upwards. Scale bar represents 20 cm.

Oneirosaurus caballeroi holotype IGMp879524. A, photograph, drawing and interpretative scheme of the specimen without left mandibular ramus, in right lateral view. B, photograph, drawing and interpretative scheme of the specimen without left mandibular ramus, in left lateral view. Gray fill, sediment; pattern fill, broken bone surface; black, empty space. Scale bars: A = 50 mm; C-D = 30 mm. Abbreviations: an, angular; avc, anterior aperture of the vidian canal; bo, basioccipital; bptm, basipterygoid meniscus; bs, basisphenoid; c, coronoid; d, dentary; ec, ectopterygoid; ep, epipterygoid; ex, exoccipital; f, frontal; im, internal auditory meatus; is, interorbital septum; j, jugal; la, lacrimal; m, mandible; mx, maxilla; na, nasal; op, opisthotic-exoccipital; p, parietal; par, prearticular; pl, palatine; pmx, premaxilla; pof, postorbitofrontal; pr, prootic; prf, prefrontal; ps, parasphenoid; pt, pterygoid; pvc, posterior aperture of the vidian canal q; quadrate; rv, right vomer; sa, surangular; scp, sclerotic plate; smx, septomaxilla; so, supraoccipital; sp, splenial; stp, stapes; VII, IX-XII, exit of cranial nerves.

Arambourgiania, Nyctosaurus and Quetzalcoatlus scale

Life restoration of the Triassic ichthyosaur Qianichthyosaurus xingyiensis. References Motani, Ryosuke; Jiang, Da-yong; Tintori, Andrea; Ji, Cheng; Huang, Jian-dong (2017). "Pre- versus post-mass extinction divergence of Mesozoic marine reptiles dictated by time-scale dependence of evolutionary rates". Proceedings of the Royal Society B 284 (1854): 20170241. DOI:10.1098/rspb.2017.0241.

Figure description from paper: "Figure 23: Early and Middle Triassic ichthyopterygian heads possessing longirostry. Simplified outlines of four different Early and Middle Triassic ichthyopterygian heads possessing a long and slender rostrum. Specimens are at the same scale. (A) Utatsusaurus hataii (UHR 30691, Motani, Minoura & Ando, 1998); (B) Grippia longirostris (PMU R445, Motani, 2000); (C) Mixosaurus cornalianus (BES SC 1000, Renesto et al., 2020); (D) Besanosaurus leptorhynchus (PIMUZ T 4847, this paper); (E) Cymbospondylus buchseri (PIMUZ T 4351, Sander, 1989). Scale bar represents 10 cm." References: Bindellini, G.; Wolniewicz, A.S.; Miedema, F.; Scheyer, T.M.; Dal Sasso, C. (2021). "Cranial anatomy of Besanosaurus leptorhynchus Dal Sasso & Pinna, 1996 (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria) from the Middle Triassic Besano Formation of Monte San Giorgio, Italy/Switzerland: Taxonomic and palaeobiological implications". PeerJ 9: e11179. DOI:10.7717/peerj.11179.

Besanosaurus leptorhynchus referred specimen PIMUZ T 4376, preserved on the same slab as a specimen of the smaller Mixosaurus. Scale bar represents 50 cm (1.6 ft). Figure 3C of Bindellini et al. (2021). References: Bindellini, G.; Wolniewicz, A.S.; Miedema, F.; Scheyer, T.M.; Dal Sasso, C. (2021). "Cranial anatomy of Besanosaurus leptorhynchus Dal Sasso & Pinna, 1996 (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria) from the Middle Triassic Besano Formation of Monte San Giorgio, Italy/Switzerland: Taxonomic and palaeobiological implications". PeerJ 9: e11179. DOI:10.7717/peerj.11179.

Compsognathidae skeletons to scale.

Compsognathidae skeletons to scale.

Compsognathidae skeletons to scale.

Stratigraphy of the Upper Cretaceous Neuquén Group (after Garrido) indicating stratigraphic positions of definitive unenlagiine taxa (modified from Gianechini and Gianechini & Apesteguía). Skeletal reconstructions to approximate scale, redrawn and/or modified from works by Scott Hartman (Buitreraptor gonzalezorum, Austroraptor cabazai), Gabriel Lio (Unenlagia comahuensis, Neuquenraptor argentinus, Unenlagia paynemili), and Jaime Headden (Pamparaptor micros, Diuqin lechiguanae), used with permission

Figure 4 The reconstruction of the skull and lower jaw of the holotype of Darwinopterus camposi sp. nov. (IVPP V 17957). Scale bar: 50 mm. Abbreviations: d, dentary; f, frontal; j, jugal; ltf, lower temporal fenestra; m, maxilla; man.sys, mandibular symphysis; naof, nasoantorbital fenestra; o, orbit; p, parietal; pm, premaxilla; pmcr, premaxillary crest; po, postorbital; prn, nasal process; q, quadrate; sq, squamosal; utf, upper temporal fenestra.

Figure 4 The reconstruction of the skull and lower jaw of the holotype of Darwinopterus camposi sp. nov. (IVPP V 17957). Scale bar: 50 mm. Abbreviations: d, dentary; f, frontal; j, jugal; ltf, lower temporal fenestra; m, maxilla; man.sys, mandibular symphysis; naof, nasoantorbital fenestra; o, orbit; p, parietal; pm, premaxilla; pmcr, premaxillary crest; po, postorbital; prn, nasal process; q, quadrate; sq, squamosal; utf, upper temporal fenestra.

Skeletal reconstruction of Suchomimus tenerensis and Baryonyx walkeri to scale.

Skeletal reconstruction of Suchomimus tenerensis and Baryonyx walkeri to scale.