←

scale

Anatomical part

217 image(s) · 21 News

Image gallery

The skull of Zupaysaurus rougieri (A) in right lateral view. Scale bar equals 5 cm. Cropped from Figure 2 in the source.
anfe - antorbital fenestra
emf - external mandibular fenestra
itf - infratemporal fenestra
or - orbit
Taxa Zupaysaurus

The skull of Zupaysaurus rougieri (A) in right lateral view. Scale bar equals 5 cm. Cropped from Figure 2 in the source. anfe - antorbital fenestra emf - external mandibular fenestra itf - infratemporal fenestra or - orbit

scale Zupaysaurus skull
Original figure caption:  Thoracic osteoderms of WSC 16505, holotype of I. zephyri. 
WSC 16505.4, lateral thoracic osteoderm in (A) external, (B) basal, (C) medial, (D) lateral, (E) cranial, and (F) caudal views. WSC 16505.5, thoracic osteoderm in (G) external, (H) basal, (I) medial or lateral (orientation uncertain), (J) medial or lateral (orientation uncertain), (K) cranial, and (L) caudal views. WSC 16505.6, thoracic ossicle in (M) external, (N) basal, and (O–R) marginal views (orientation uncertain). Scale bars equal five cm.
Taxa Invictarx

Original figure caption: Thoracic osteoderms of WSC 16505, holotype of I. zephyri. WSC 16505.4, lateral thoracic osteoderm in (A) external, (B) basal, (C) medial, (D) lateral, (E) cranial, and (F) caudal views. WSC 16505.5, thoracic osteoderm in (G) external, (H) basal, (I) medial or lateral (orientation uncertain), (J) medial or lateral (orientation uncertain), (K) cranial, and (L) caudal views. WSC 16505.6, thoracic ossicle in (M) external, (N) basal, and (O–R) marginal views (orientation uncertain). Scale bars equal five cm.

scale holotype Invictarx
Photograph (A) and line drawings (B) of Gladocephaloideus jingangshanensis (JPM 2014–004). Abbreviations: ca, carpals; cr, coracoids; cv, cervical vertebrae; d, dentray; dg, deep groove along the mid-line of the mandibular symphysis; dv, dorsal vertebrae; dr, dorsal ribs; etp, extensor tendon process; f, frontal; fc, fifth carpal; fe, femur; fi, fibula; fin, fingers; h, humerus; il, ilium; m, maxilla; mmttsI-IV, metatrals I-IV; mttv, metatarsal V; nao, nasoantorbital opening; or, orbital; pcr, parietal crest; pm, premaxilla; pt, pteroid; ra, radius; rdl, radiale; sc, scapula; st, sternum; sl, sclerotic rings; t, teeth; tc, tooth sockets; ti, tibia; ul, ulna; wm, wing metacarpal; wph1-4, wing phalanges 1–4. Scale bar = 5 cm.
Taxa Gladocephaloideus

Photograph (A) and line drawings (B) of Gladocephaloideus jingangshanensis (JPM 2014–004). Abbreviations: ca, carpals; cr, coracoids; cv, cervical vertebrae; d, dentray; dg, deep groove along the mid-line of the mandibular symphysis; dv, dorsal vertebrae; dr, dorsal ribs; etp, extensor tendon process; f, frontal; fc, fifth carpal; fe, femur; fi, fibula; fin, fingers; h, humerus; il, ilium; m, maxilla; mmttsI-IV, metatrals I-IV; mttv, metatarsal V; nao, nasoantorbital opening; or, orbital; pcr, parietal crest; pm, premaxilla; pt, pteroid; ra, radius; rdl, radiale; sc, scapula; st, sternum; sl, sclerotic rings; t, teeth; tc, tooth sockets; ti, tibia; ul, ulna; wm, wing metacarpal; wph1-4, wing phalanges 1–4. Scale bar = 5 cm.

crest humerus scale tooth +2
Holotype of Imperobator antarcticus (UCMP 276000), cropped and modified from Figure 4 (scale bar = 100 mm)
Taxa Imperobator

Holotype of Imperobator antarcticus (UCMP 276000), cropped and modified from Figure 4 (scale bar = 100 mm)

scale holotype Imperobator
Skeletal anatomy of Doolysaurus huhmini. All scale bars are 10 mm. Artwork by Janet Cañamar. Abbreviations: 4th tr: fourth trochanter; be: buccal emargination; boc: basioccipital condyle; bpro: boss for articulation with proatlas; bt: basal tubera; cc: cnemial condyle; cfo: carotid aorta foramen; cpc: coronoid process; dh: dorsal head; dtt: dentary tooth; ec: endocranial cavity; eoas: exoccipital articular surface; fm: foramen magnum; lc: lateral condyle; lw: lateral wing; mc: medial condyle; mkc: Meckelian canal; mt: metatarsal; mw: medial wing; mxt: maxillary tooth; ns: neural spine; oc: occipital condyle; pd: pedal digit; plp: posterolateral process; pop: paroccipital process; poz: postzygapophysis; prz: prezygapophyses; pscf: posterior semicircular canal foramen; ptf: posttemporal foramen.
Taxa Doolysaurus

Skeletal anatomy of Doolysaurus huhmini. All scale bars are 10 mm. Artwork by Janet Cañamar. Abbreviations: 4th tr: fourth trochanter; be: buccal emargination; boc: basioccipital condyle; bpro: boss for articulation with proatlas; bt: basal tubera; cc: cnemial condyle; cfo: carotid aorta foramen; cpc: coronoid process; dh: dorsal head; dtt: dentary tooth; ec: endocranial cavity; eoas: exoccipital articular surface; fm: foramen magnum; lc: lateral condyle; lw: lateral wing; mc: medial condyle; mkc: Meckelian canal; mt: metatarsal; mw: medial wing; mxt: maxillary tooth; ns: neural spine; oc: occipital condyle; pd: pedal digit; plp: posterolateral process; pop: paroccipital process; poz: postzygapophysis; prz: prezygapophyses; pscf: posterior semicircular canal foramen; ptf: posttemporal foramen.

scale tooth Doolysaurus anatomy
Reconstruction of Minimocursor phunoiensis gen. et sp. nov. (PRC 150) in left lateral view (except reversed images of the right jugal). Recovered elements of the holotype shown in white (A); holotype with referred materials, which are not to scale, shown in light purple (B). Drawings by Wongwech Chowchuvech.
Taxa Minimocursor

Reconstruction of Minimocursor phunoiensis gen. et sp. nov. (PRC 150) in left lateral view (except reversed images of the right jugal). Recovered elements of the holotype shown in white (A); holotype with referred materials, which are not to scale, shown in light purple (B). Drawings by Wongwech Chowchuvech.

scale drawing holotype Minimocursor
Figure 1: Holotype and skeletal reconstruction of Mosaiceratops azumai, gen. et sp. nov (ZMNH M8856). (a) photograph and line drawing of ZMNH M8856; (b) skeletal reconstruction showing preserved elements in white. Scale bar 10 cm. Abbreviations: a, astragalus; boc, basioccipital; c, calcaneum; cav, caudal vertebra; ch, chevron; cv, cervical vertebra; dr, dorsal rib; dv, dorsal vertebra; f, frontal; fem, femur; fl, fibula; h, humerus; il, ilium; is, ischium; L, left; mt, metatarsal; ph, phalanx/phalanges; po, postorbital; R, right; sk, skull; sq, squamosal; t, tibia; td, tendon; ?, undiagnostic remains.
Taxa Mosaiceratops

Figure 1: Holotype and skeletal reconstruction of Mosaiceratops azumai, gen. et sp. nov (ZMNH M8856). (a) photograph and line drawing of ZMNH M8856; (b) skeletal reconstruction showing preserved elements in white. Scale bar 10 cm. Abbreviations: a, astragalus; boc, basioccipital; c, calcaneum; cav, caudal vertebra; ch, chevron; cv, cervical vertebra; dr, dorsal rib; dv, dorsal vertebra; f, frontal; fem, femur; fl, fibula; h, humerus; il, ilium; is, ischium; L, left; mt, metatarsal; ph, phalanx/phalanges; po, postorbital; R, right; sk, skull; sq, squamosal; t, tibia; td, tendon; ?, undiagnostic remains.

humerus scale vertebra drawing +3
Model in resin in scale 1/5. São Paulo - Brazil
Taxa Mirischia

Model in resin in scale 1/5. São Paulo - Brazil

scale Brazil Mirischia
Aralazhdarcho bostobensis, ZIN PH 57/43, a proximal fragment of a left humerus in proximal (a), ventral (b), anterior (c), dorsal (d), and posterior (e) views. This specimen is from the Shakh Shakh II locality in the northeasten Aral Sea region of Kazakhstan; Bostobe Formation, Upper Cretaceous (Santonian – lower Campanian). Abbreviations: h, humeral head; pf, pneumatic foramen; uc, ulnar crest. Scale bar is 10 mm.
Taxa Aralazhdarcho

Aralazhdarcho bostobensis, ZIN PH 57/43, a proximal fragment of a left humerus in proximal (a), ventral (b), anterior (c), dorsal (d), and posterior (e) views. This specimen is from the Shakh Shakh II locality in the northeasten Aral Sea region of Kazakhstan; Bostobe Formation, Upper Cretaceous (Santonian – lower Campanian). Abbreviations: h, humeral head; pf, pneumatic foramen; uc, ulnar crest. Scale bar is 10 mm.

crest humerus scale Kazakhstan +7
Maxilla of Geminiraptor suarezarum. (A)—Lateral view. (B)—Cranial view. (C)—Medial view. (D)—Ventral view. Scale bar = 10 mm. alv = dental alveoli, iof = internal antorbital fenestra, mxf = maxillary fenestra, pf = promaxillary fenestra.
Taxa Geminiraptor

Maxilla of Geminiraptor suarezarum. (A)—Lateral view. (B)—Cranial view. (C)—Medial view. (D)—Ventral view. Scale bar = 10 mm. alv = dental alveoli, iof = internal antorbital fenestra, mxf = maxillary fenestra, pf = promaxillary fenestra.

scale Geminiraptor
Pterodactylus sagittirostris, holotype NHMUK PV R 1823 (upper Berriasian / Valangianian, Hastings Group), part of the mandibular rami. A right lateral view B respective line drawing C left lateral view D respective line drawing E ventral view. Abbreviation: d – dentary. Arrows indicate alveoli or teeth. Scale bar = 10 mm. Photos courtesy of The Natural History Museum.
Taxa Serradraco

Pterodactylus sagittirostris, holotype NHMUK PV R 1823 (upper Berriasian / Valangianian, Hastings Group), part of the mandibular rami. A right lateral view B respective line drawing C left lateral view D respective line drawing E ventral view. Abbreviation: d – dentary. Arrows indicate alveoli or teeth. Scale bar = 10 mm. Photos courtesy of The Natural History Museum.

scale drawing museum Berriasian +3
Holotype (MTM V 2009.192.1) of Ajkaceratops kozmai .mw-parser-output .smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}Ősi et al., 2010 (Dinosauria: Ceratopsia), fused rostral and premaxillae, in lateral view, length of scale bar = 1 cm.
Taxa Ajkaceratops

Holotype (MTM V 2009.192.1) of Ajkaceratops kozmai .mw-parser-output .smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}Ősi et al., 2010 (Dinosauria: Ceratopsia), fused rostral and premaxillae, in lateral view, length of scale bar = 1 cm.

scale holotype Ajkaceratops Ceratopsia +1
Manual bones of Martharaptor greenriverensis (UMNH VP 21400). (A)–Presumed metacarpal I. (B)–Presumed phalanx I-1. (C)–Penultimate phalanx. (D) Penultimate phalanx. (E)–Unidentified phalanx. (F)–Unidentified phalanx. (G)–Ungual of digit I. (H)–Ungual of digit I. (I)–Ungual of digit II. (J)–Ungual of digit II. (K)–Ungual of digit III. (L)–Ungual of digit III. Scale bar = 50 mm. Numbers on sub-figures refer to proximal (1), distal (2), dorsal (3), palmar (4), and side (5) views; for side views, whether the side is medial or lateral cannot be determined.
Taxa Martharaptor

Manual bones of Martharaptor greenriverensis (UMNH VP 21400). (A)–Presumed metacarpal I. (B)–Presumed phalanx I-1. (C)–Penultimate phalanx. (D) Penultimate phalanx. (E)–Unidentified phalanx. (F)–Unidentified phalanx. (G)–Ungual of digit I. (H)–Ungual of digit I. (I)–Ungual of digit II. (J)–Ungual of digit II. (K)–Ungual of digit III. (L)–Ungual of digit III. Scale bar = 50 mm. Numbers on sub-figures refer to proximal (1), distal (2), dorsal (3), palmar (4), and side (5) views; for side views, whether the side is medial or lateral cannot be determined.

bone scale Martharaptor
Skull of Caiuajara dobruskii gen. et sp. nov. (holotype, CP.V 1449) with the shape of an adult individual.

Scale bar equals 50: d, dentary; dcr, dentary crest; dep, depression; exp, ventral expansion of the premaxilla; f, frontal; fcr, frontal crest; fo, foraminae; m, maxilla; oc, occipital condyle; op, opisthotic; p, parietal; pm, premaxilla; pmcr, premaxillary crest; q, quadrate; soc, supraoccipital. The quadrate is inverted.
Taxa Caiuajara

Skull of Caiuajara dobruskii gen. et sp. nov. (holotype, CP.V 1449) with the shape of an adult individual. Scale bar equals 50: d, dentary; dcr, dentary crest; dep, depression; exp, ventral expansion of the premaxilla; f, frontal; fcr, frontal crest; fo, foraminae; m, maxilla; oc, occipital condyle; op, opisthotic; p, parietal; pm, premaxilla; pmcr, premaxillary crest; q, quadrate; soc, supraoccipital. The quadrate is inverted.

crest scale holotype Caiuajara +1
A–B, skull in dorsal view; C–E, postcranial skeleton; in left dorsolateral (C) and left lateral (D–E) views. In line drawings (B, E) dark grey tone indicates damage and light grey tone indicates the palate. Abbreviations: ca, caudal vertebra [number following indicates order in preserved series]; ce, cervical vertebra; d, dorsal vertebra; depr, depression; ecto, ectopterygoid; epip, epipterygoid; exp, expanded neural spine apex; fr, frontal; jug, jugal; l., left [followed by name of element]; mx, maxilla; p, ‘pectoral’ vertebra; par, parietal; pmx, premaxilla; po, postorbital; pofr, postfrontal; prfr, prefrontal; qua, quadrate; r., right [followed by name of element]; s, sacral vertebra; sq, squamosal; unexp, unexpanded neural spine apex. Scale bars equal 50 mm (A–B), 20 mm (C), and 200 mm (D–E).
Taxa Avalonnectes

A–B, skull in dorsal view; C–E, postcranial skeleton; in left dorsolateral (C) and left lateral (D–E) views. In line drawings (B, E) dark grey tone indicates damage and light grey tone indicates the palate. Abbreviations: ca, caudal vertebra [number following indicates order in preserved series]; ce, cervical vertebra; d, dorsal vertebra; depr, depression; ecto, ectopterygoid; epip, epipterygoid; exp, expanded neural spine apex; fr, frontal; jug, jugal; l., left [followed by name of element]; mx, maxilla; p, ‘pectoral’ vertebra; par, parietal; pmx, premaxilla; po, postorbital; pofr, postfrontal; prfr, prefrontal; qua, quadrate; r., right [followed by name of element]; s, sacral vertebra; sq, squamosal; unexp, unexpanded neural spine apex. Scale bars equal 50 mm (A–B), 20 mm (C), and 200 mm (D–E).

scale vertebra drawing Avalonnectes +2
Reconstructed skull of Duriavenator hesperis showing known material (white) of the holotype and only known specimen. Unknown bones based on related Eustreptospondylus oxoniensis. Scale bar is 10cm, image is 10px/cm. Cranial anatomy based on Benson (2008) "A redescription of "Megalosaurus" hesperis (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Inferior Oolite (Bajocian, Middle Jurassic) of Dorset, United Kingdom"
Taxa Duriavenator

Reconstructed skull of Duriavenator hesperis showing known material (white) of the holotype and only known specimen. Unknown bones based on related Eustreptospondylus oxoniensis. Scale bar is 10cm, image is 10px/cm. Cranial anatomy based on Benson (2008) "A redescription of "Megalosaurus" hesperis (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Inferior Oolite (Bajocian, Middle Jurassic) of Dorset, United Kingdom"

bone scale United Kingdom Bajocian +11
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

News

A Unique Sivatherium Scale Drawing
scale drawing Dinosauria
An exclusive Sivatherium giganteum scale drawing has been commissioned by Everything Dinosaur. The illustration of "Shiva's Beast" is to be used in a Sivatherium fact sheet.  The fact sheet is required as we expect the new CollectA Deluxe 1:20 scale model of Sivatherium to arrive shortly.  As soon as this prehistoric mammal model arrives, we
16/08/2026 everythingdinosaur
New Haolonggood Tarbosaurus Models Coming into Stock at Everything Dinosaur
jaw scale Dinosauria Tarbosaurus Tyrannosaurus
Everything Dinosaur confirms that they will be stocking the new Haolonggood Tarbosaurus models. We welcome two new tyrannosaur figures in the Haolonggood theropod collection. Each figure is in approximately 1/35th scale. They will be available from Everything Dinosaur soon.  The models have articulated jaws. The two new Haolonggood Tarbosaurus bataar dinosaur models. Yang Lin
30/07/2026 everythingdinosaur
Ce que l’on vient d’apprendre sur l’astéroïde des dinosaures rend leur extinction encore plus terrifiante !
What we just learned about the dinosaur asteroid makes their extinction even more terrifying!
scale Dinosauria extinction
66 million years ago, a large asteroid hit Earth, triggering one of the greatest crises in its history. But could the cataclysm have caused spontaneous fires on a planetary scale? New work provides surprising elements on the role played by...
28/07/2026 futura-terre ⚙ Auto-translated
New CollectA Sivatherium Model Coming into Stock
scale Dinosauria
The new CollectA Sivatherium figure is coming into stock at Everything Dinosaur.  Mike and Sue are looking forward to the arrival of the 1:20 scale model.  It will be in stock next month (August). The model of "Shiva's beast" is in 1:20 scale. The new CollectA male Sivatherium model shown in lateral view.
26/07/2026 everythingdinosaur
New Haolonggood Pachyrhinosaurus Figures in Stock
scale toy Dinosauria Pachyrhinosaurus
The two, new Haolonggood Pachyrhinosaurus figures are in stock at Everything Dinosaur. These beautiful 1:35 scale prehistoric animal models feature updated colour schemes. The popular Haolonggood Lv Fang and Guo Sheng figures have been given a fresh new look. These remarkable horned dinosaur models demonstrate Haolonggood’s attention to detail. Furthermore, the new colour schemes provide
10/07/2026 everythingdinosaur
1 2 3 4 5