bone

Main evolutionary steps proposed for the morphofunctional and postural changes of the sauropod pedes. (A) Sauropod body mass through time (in metric tons) based on the sauropod body mass estimations of (41) (NB: data lacking for the second half of the Upper Cretaceous so illustrated here faded, in continuity with the data recorded in the Cretaceous). Schematic outlines of selected large specimens illustrated in the curve, including (from left to right) P. engelhardti, Vulcanodon karibaensis, R. brownei, G. brancai, Cedarosaurus weiskopfae, and Notocolossus gonzalezparejasi. (B) Projected evolutionary changes occurring in the sauropod pes associated with trend in body mass, including 1, skeletal and functional digitigrade pedal posture among basal non-sauropod sauropodomorphs with an incipient soft tissue pad (ISP) (see figs. S34 and S35); 2 and 3, expansion of a well-developed soft tissue pad beneath the elevated pedal bones (SP), resulting in a functionally plantigrade pes + retention of skeletal posture within a range of digitigrady; 4, retention of a soft tissue pad and yet undetermined trend toward more elevated bones; 5, conservation of the neomorphic soft tissue pad within all lineages. Selected examples of well-preserved non-sauropod sauropodomorph and sauropod pedal tracks illustrated above the trends, including (from left to right) Evazoum siriguii; Pseudotetrasauropus bipedoida, Eosauropus isp., Lavinipes cheminii; Kalosauropus pollex, Liujianpus shunan, Polyonyx gomesi; Parabrontopodus mcintoshi; Brontopodus birdi; Titanopodus mendozensis; and unnamed Asian sauropod track. Source of adapted drawing and notes are listed in table S9 and data S2.

Main evolutionary steps proposed for the morphofunctional and postural changes of the sauropod pedes. (A) Sauropod body mass through time (in metric tons) based on the sauropod body mass estimations of (41) (NB: data lacking for the second half of the Upper Cretaceous so illustrated here faded, in continuity with the data recorded in the Cretaceous). Schematic outlines of selected large specimens illustrated in the curve, including (from left to right) P. engelhardti, Vulcanodon karibaensis, R. brownei, G. brancai, Cedarosaurus weiskopfae, and Notocolossus gonzalezparejasi. (B) Projected evolutionary changes occurring in the sauropod pes associated with trend in body mass, including 1, skeletal and functional digitigrade pedal posture among basal non-sauropod sauropodomorphs with an incipient soft tissue pad (ISP) (see figs. S34 and S35); 2 and 3, expansion of a well-developed soft tissue pad beneath the elevated pedal bones (SP), resulting in a functionally plantigrade pes + retention of skeletal posture within a range of digitigrady; 4, retention of a soft tissue pad and yet undetermined trend toward more elevated bones; 5, conservation of the neomorphic soft tissue pad within all lineages. Selected examples of well-preserved non-sauropod sauropodomorph and sauropod pedal tracks illustrated above the trends, including (from left to right) Evazoum siriguii; Pseudotetrasauropus bipedoida, Eosauropus isp., Lavinipes cheminii; Kalosauropus pollex, Liujianpus shunan, Polyonyx gomesi; Parabrontopodus mcintoshi; Brontopodus birdi; Titanopodus mendozensis; and unnamed Asian sauropod track. Source of adapted drawing and notes are listed in table S9 and data S2.

Remake of the original picture of the Drzewica Formation. Terrestrial environment of the Pliensbachian-Toarcian boundary of Fennoscandinavia Inland environment of the Bornholm Coast, nearby the German realm of the Ciechocinek Formation. Includes Ciechocinek Formation (Lower Toarcian, Bones) and Drzwica Formation (Latest Pliensbachian, Footprints) Fauna Sorthat Formation environment, fluvial influenced mainland with Cheirolepidaceae and Bennetitales as dominant flora Dinosaurs are based on material found on various locations of Northern Germany, and Footprints of the underliying Drzewica Formation at the Holy Cross Mountains, connected with Bornholm at the time. Dinosaur Species appeared: Megalosauripus isp. Large Footprints (+65 cm) found on the Drzewica Formation. There is a dorsal vertebrae on the German Margin of the Ciechocinek Formation assigend to Megalosauria (Huene, 1966). Gravisauria spp. representing the Grimmen Sauropod reported on 2014, as a taxon related with Tazoudasaurus. Barapasaurus-like footprints are know from the Drzewica Formation. Coelophysoidea spp. based on coeval Anchisauripus tracks from the Holy Cross Mountains. Basal Ornithischan, related to Eocursor, based on a crouching trace (Gerard Dariusz Gierlinski, Martin G. Lockley, Grzegorz Niedźwiedzki:2009). Massospondylidae spp. based on Otozum-like tracks.

Bones and remains of prehistoric animals A massive marine lizard and apex predator, growing to length of 14 m (46 ft).[1]

Reconstruction of Tuebingosaurus maierfritzorum gen. et sp. nov. as a quadruped dinosaur, using the outline of Riojasaurus as a base ‒ next to the silhouette of Friedrich von Huene. The drawing of the bones is based on and modified from the original illustrations of specimen “GPIT IV” in von Huene (1932, pl. 38) that have been replicated in the literature. The right fibula is marked in grey as it was found nearby with similar measurements to the left fibula and has been assumed to be part of the same individual.

Holotype fossils of Glacialisaurus (PR 1823); metatarsals, tibia, fibula, ankle bones

Alvarezsauroid theropod Linhenykus monodactylus Xu, Sullivan, Pittman, Choiniere, Hone, Upchurch, Tan, Xiao, Tan, and Han, 2011a, Bayan Mandahu (“Gate Locality”), Late Cretaceous (Campanian), holo−type (IVPP V17608). Skeletal silhouette showing preserved bones (missing portions shown in grey).

Skeleton of Yamaceratops dorngobiensis (MPC-D 100/553) in right dorsolateral view. (A) Photograph; (B) Interpretive drawing. Bones are bounded by solid lines and colored beige; the matrix is gray. Shaded areas represent the broken surface of bones. Abbreviations: cd, caudal vertebrae; dr, dorsal ribs; dv, dorsal vertebrae; f, femur; fi, fibula; h, humerus; L, bone on the left side; p, isolated parietal; pp, pedal phalanges; R, bone on the right side; ra, radius; sk, skull; sv, sacral vertebrae; ti, tibia; u, ulna; il, ilium; is, ischium.

Right dentary in (A), medial; (B), dorsal; and (C) lateral views. Dashed black lines represent approximate contours of the missing areas. Dashed red lines indicate the distinctive banding pattern in the opal used to estimate the extent of the missing area. (D–F) Three-dimensional renders of the posterior dentary fragment in (D) lingual view showing erupted (blue) and developing germ teeth (pink); (E) Same as (D) but with dentary removed; (F) dorsal (occlusal) view of tooth row. (G-J) Three-dimensional render of the best-preserved tooth in (G) mesial, (H) lingual, (I) distal, and (J) labial views. (K) MicroCT scan of the posterior dentary fragment in axial view showing preservation of cancellous bone. Abbreviations: cab, cancellous bone; cr, tooth crown. Photo credit: Phil Bell.

Figure 1, 1a. Outer and oral aspects of the imperfect dentary bone of Sarcolestes Leedsi, from the Oxford Clay of Peterborough. 2/3 nat size. s = symphysis. Figure 1b. A single tooth of the former. 3/1 nat size. Figure 2, 2a. Outer aspect and quadratic cavity of the hinder region of the same jaw. 2/3 nat size. Figure 3. A single tooth of Priodontognathus Phillipsi, 3/1 nat size, shown for purposes of comparison. Specimen in the Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge.

Title: The dinosaur book : the ruling reptiles and their relatives Identifier: bookruli00colb (find matches) Year: 1951 (1950s) Authors: Colbert, Edwin H. (Edwin Harris), 1905-2001; Knight, Charles Robert, 1874-1953; American Museum of Natural History Subjects: Dinosaurs; Reptiles, Fossil Publisher: New York : Published for the American Museum of Natural History by McGraw-Hill Contributing Library: American Museum of Natural History Library Digitizing Sponsor: IMLS / LSTA / METRO View Book Page: Book Viewer About This Book: Catalog Entry View All Images: All Images From Book Click here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book. Text Appearing Before Image: ' Text Appearing After Image: bone A typical example of the parts usually found fossilized: portions of the skeleton of a small dinosaur from Mongolia A.M.N.H. photographs One of the rarest fossils: a dino- saur egg over 60 million years old, compared with a hen's egg (left) and an alligator egg (right) Note About Images Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.

Title: The dinosaur book : the ruling reptiles and their relatives Identifier: bookruli00colb (find matches) Year: 1951 (1950s) Authors: Colbert, Edwin H. (Edwin Harris), 1905-2001; Knight, Charles Robert, 1874-1953; American Museum of Natural History Subjects: Dinosaurs; Reptiles, Fossil Publisher: New York : Published for the American Museum of Natural History by McGraw-Hill Contributing Library: American Museum of Natural History Library Digitizing Sponsor: IMLS / LSTA / METRO View Book Page: Book Viewer About This Book: Catalog Entry View All Images: All Images From Book Click here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book. Text Appearing Before Image: ' Text Appearing After Image: bone A typical example of the parts usually found fossilized: portions of the skeleton of a small dinosaur from Mongolia A.M.N.H. photographs One of the rarest fossils: a dino- saur egg over 60 million years old, compared with a hen's egg (left) and an alligator egg (right) Note About Images Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.

Montanoceratops cerorhynchus (Brown & Schlaikjer, 1942) - fossil ceratopsian dinosaur skeleton from the Cretaceous of Montana, USA. (MOR 542, Museum of the Rockies, Bozeman, Montana, USA) The species name is sometimes incorrectly spelled "cerorhynchos". The original publication spells it "cerorhynchus". The genus name is sometimes incorrectly spelled "Montanaceratops". Ceratopsians are the "horned dinosaurs". They were large, quadrupedal, herbivorous dinosaurs having a beaked skull and a frill - an extension of bone behind the skull that partially covered the neck. Ceratopsian dinosaurs are known from the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The last members of the group died out at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, 65 million years ago. This is a partial skeleton of a juvenile Montanoceratops, a ceratopsian from the near-latest Cretaceous of western North America. This type of ceratopsian lacked facial horns. From exhibit signage: Sixty-eight million years ago, when the horned dinosaurs Triceratops and Torosaurus inhabited the coastal plain near the inland ocean, primitive "horned" dinosaurs named Montanoceratops lived in uplands near the young Rocky Mountains. These little protoceratopsians fed on plants with slicing teeth and narrow beaks similar to their giant three-horned relatives. Classification: Animalia, Chordata, Vertebrata, Reptilia, Archosauria, Dinosauria, Ornithischia, Marginocephalia, Ceratopsia, Leptoceratopsidae Stratigraphy: St. Mary River Formation, Maastrichtian Stage, Upper Cretaceous Locality: Little Rocky Coulee, north of the town of Cut Bank, eastern Glacier County, northwestern Montana, USA Info. at: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montanoceratops

Muttaburrasaurus The plants, animals and climate of the Australian continent have changed dramatically over long periods of time. Imagine this giant creature roaming the luxuriant wet forests that covered parts of the continent in the Cretaceous period, about 100-110 million years ago. The Muttaburrasaurus ambled along on all four legs or stood on its hind legs. Its large teeth were well adapted to eat tough vegetation such as the leathery foliage of the evergreen forests of Araucaria trees, ancient relatives of the bunya pine of south-eastern Queensland. In 1963, grazier Doug Langdon discovered the fossilised bones of a dinosaur on his property near Muttaburra in central-west Queensland. It was one of the most complete dinosaur skeletons found in Australia. The bones belonged to a new species of ornithopod and palaeontologists named it Muttaburrasaurus langdoni. Cast of Muttaburresaurus langdoni 1987 made by Queensland Museum, Brisbane National Museum of Australia

Illustration of the holotype frontal bone of Albertavenator curriei TMP 1993.105.0001 in dorsal view. Scale bar is 5mm.

Lower jaw, arm bone, and leg bone (LACM 128258 and LACM 120478) of Fruitadens haagarorum on display at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County.