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Skull of Jinchuanloong niedu (JCMF0132) in left lateral view.

Skull of Jinchuanloong niedu (JCMF0132) in left lateral view.

Jinchuanloong skull
Jinchuanloong is a relatively basal sauropod that measured an estimated 10 m in length. Sauropod skulls typically don't preserve well in the fossil record, but Jinchuanloong is known mainly from the skull, and parts of the neck and tail. Like all sauropods, Jinchuanloong was a quadrupedal herbivore that used its long neck to reach the vegetation that it fed on.

Jinchuanloong is a relatively basal sauropod that measured an estimated 10 m in length. Sauropod skulls typically don't preserve well in the fossil record, but Jinchuanloong is known mainly from the skull, and parts of the neck and tail. Like all sauropods, Jinchuanloong was a quadrupedal herbivore that used its long neck to reach the vegetation that it fed on.

fossil Jinchuanloong skull
Dinosaur sand sculptures at the Sand Sculpting Australia "Dinostory" exhibit held at Frankston, Victoria, Australia 2008/2009.The sculpture was the created with the combined efforts of an international team of sand sculpting artists: 
Karen Fralich (Canada) - children playing in foreground;
Peter Bignell (Tasmania, Australia) - Triceratops skull and logo;
Martijn Rijerse (Netherlands) - Tyrannosaurus rex scene;
Jino van Bruissenen and Christina Mija (NSW, Australia) - background panel.

Dinosaur sand sculptures at the Sand Sculpting Australia "Dinostory" exhibit held at Frankston, Victoria, Australia 2008/2009.The sculpture was the created with the combined efforts of an international team of sand sculpting artists: Karen Fralich (Canada) - children playing in foreground; Peter Bignell (Tasmania, Australia) - Triceratops skull and logo; Martijn Rijerse (Netherlands) - Tyrannosaurus rex scene; Jino van Bruissenen and Christina Mija (NSW, Australia) - background panel.

Australia Canada Netherlands Dinosauria +3
Various fossils pertaining to the holotype of the Triassic ichthyosaur Toretocnemus (originally Leptocheirus, also Merriamia) zitteli. This image is derived from plate 23 in Merriam (1903), done by an uncredited artist. The arrangement of the individual figures has been modified from the original (most notably, figures 3 and 4 were swapped to minimize confusion).
Original description:
Leptocheirus zitteli n. gen. and sp.
Figures reproduced natural size from the type specimen.

Fig. 1.— Right side of skull.
Fig. 2. — Cross-section of posterior portion of the lower jaw, taken above the point marked A on the lateral view of the skull.
Fig. 3. — Cross-section of the upper and lower jaws, taken at the break immediately behind the point marked Sp on the lateral view of the skull.
Fig. 4. — Lateral view of an anterior caudal centrum.
Legend (modified from original):

Ar - articular
A - angular
D - dentary
J - jugal
L - lacrimal
Mx - maxilla
Po - postorbital
Sa - surangular
Se - sclerotic ring
Sp - spenial
T - cross-section of tooth
X - doubtful element

Various fossils pertaining to the holotype of the Triassic ichthyosaur Toretocnemus (originally Leptocheirus, also Merriamia) zitteli. This image is derived from plate 23 in Merriam (1903), done by an uncredited artist. The arrangement of the individual figures has been modified from the original (most notably, figures 3 and 4 were swapped to minimize confusion). Original description: Leptocheirus zitteli n. gen. and sp. Figures reproduced natural size from the type specimen. Fig. 1.— Right side of skull. Fig. 2. — Cross-section of posterior portion of the lower jaw, taken above the point marked A on the lateral view of the skull. Fig. 3. — Cross-section of the upper and lower jaws, taken at the break immediately behind the point marked Sp on the lateral view of the skull. Fig. 4. — Lateral view of an anterior caudal centrum. Legend (modified from original): Ar - articular A - angular D - dentary J - jugal L - lacrimal Mx - maxilla Po - postorbital Sa - surangular Se - sclerotic ring Sp - spenial T - cross-section of tooth X - doubtful element

description Triassic fossil holotype +7
Life restoration of Proceratosaurus bradleyi. Missing parts of skull are consistent with those of the related Guanlong per:[1] Body proportions are consistent with the skeletal reconstruction of Guanlong in fig. 11 here:[2]

Life restoration of Proceratosaurus bradleyi. Missing parts of skull are consistent with those of the related Guanlong per:[1] Body proportions are consistent with the skeletal reconstruction of Guanlong in fig. 11 here:[2]

Coeluridae Guanlong Proceratosaurus skull
Barracudasauroides panxianensis, skull.
Stage :   Anisian from 247.2 million years ago until ~242 million years ago.
Size and weight : 118x62x545 cm – 79.4 Kg

Barracudasauroides panxianensis, skull. Stage : Anisian from 247.2 million years ago until ~242 million years ago. Size and weight : 118x62x545 cm – 79.4 Kg

Anisian Barracudasauroides Mixosauridae skull
Diagram of the skull of Taniwhasaurus antarcticus, the areas in black being the known fossil material.
Reference source:

Álvarez–Herrera, Agnolin & Novas (2020) "A rostral neurovascular system in the mosasaur Taniwhasaurus antarcticus"

Diagram of the skull of Taniwhasaurus antarcticus, the areas in black being the known fossil material. Reference source: Álvarez–Herrera, Agnolin & Novas (2020) "A rostral neurovascular system in the mosasaur Taniwhasaurus antarcticus"

fossil Plioplatecarpinae Taniwhasaurus skull
Pterodaustro skull
Taxa Ctenochasmatoidea

Pterodaustro skull

Archaeopterodactyloidea Aurorazhdarchidae Ctenochasmatoidea Euctenochasmatia +2
Pterodaustro skull
Taxa Euctenochasmatia

Pterodaustro skull

Archaeopterodactyloidea Aurorazhdarchidae Ctenochasmatoidea Euctenochasmatia +2
Pterodaustro skull
Taxa Archaeopterodactyloidea

Pterodaustro skull

Archaeopterodactyloidea Aurorazhdarchidae Ctenochasmatoidea Euctenochasmatia +2
Pterodaustro skull
Taxa Aurorazhdarchidae

Pterodaustro skull

Archaeopterodactyloidea Aurorazhdarchidae Ctenochasmatoidea Euctenochasmatia +2
Figure 4
The reconstruction of the skull and lower jaw of the holotype of Darwinopterus camposi sp. nov. (IVPP V 17957). Scale bar: 50 mm. Abbreviations: d, dentary; f, frontal; j, jugal; ltf, lower temporal fenestra; m, maxilla; man.sys, mandibular symphysis; naof, nasoantorbital fenestra; o, orbit; p, parietal; pm, premaxilla; pmcr, premaxillary crest; po, postorbital; prn, nasal process; q, quadrate; sq, squamosal; utf, upper temporal fenestra.
Taxa Monofenestrata

Figure 4 The reconstruction of the skull and lower jaw of the holotype of Darwinopterus camposi sp. nov. (IVPP V 17957). Scale bar: 50 mm. Abbreviations: d, dentary; f, frontal; j, jugal; ltf, lower temporal fenestra; m, maxilla; man.sys, mandibular symphysis; naof, nasoantorbital fenestra; o, orbit; p, parietal; pm, premaxilla; pmcr, premaxillary crest; po, postorbital; prn, nasal process; q, quadrate; sq, squamosal; utf, upper temporal fenestra.

crest scale holotype Darwinoptera +3
Figure 4
The reconstruction of the skull and lower jaw of the holotype of Darwinopterus camposi sp. nov. (IVPP V 17957). Scale bar: 50 mm. Abbreviations: d, dentary; f, frontal; j, jugal; ltf, lower temporal fenestra; m, maxilla; man.sys, mandibular symphysis; naof, nasoantorbital fenestra; o, orbit; p, parietal; pm, premaxilla; pmcr, premaxillary crest; po, postorbital; prn, nasal process; q, quadrate; sq, squamosal; utf, upper temporal fenestra.
Taxa Darwinoptera

Figure 4 The reconstruction of the skull and lower jaw of the holotype of Darwinopterus camposi sp. nov. (IVPP V 17957). Scale bar: 50 mm. Abbreviations: d, dentary; f, frontal; j, jugal; ltf, lower temporal fenestra; m, maxilla; man.sys, mandibular symphysis; naof, nasoantorbital fenestra; o, orbit; p, parietal; pm, premaxilla; pmcr, premaxillary crest; po, postorbital; prn, nasal process; q, quadrate; sq, squamosal; utf, upper temporal fenestra.

crest scale holotype Darwinoptera +3
Mounted replica of a composite skeleton of Edmontosaurus annectens on display at the University of Oxford Museum, Oxford, England. The original skeleton is compiled from disarticulated fossil bones from a bonebed of the Hell Creek Formation, exposed in the Ruth Mason Quarry in Harding County, South Dakota. It is 8.5 m (28 ft.) long and the skull is almost 1 m (39 in.) in length.[1][2]


↑ Dinosaurs in the Museum. Oxford University Museum of Natural History (brochure, PDF), p. 7

↑ BHI Fossil Replica Catalog 2012. Black Hills Institute of Geological Research, Inc., Hill City, SD, 2012 (PDF), p. 22
Taxa Edmontosaurini

Mounted replica of a composite skeleton of Edmontosaurus annectens on display at the University of Oxford Museum, Oxford, England. The original skeleton is compiled from disarticulated fossil bones from a bonebed of the Hell Creek Formation, exposed in the Ruth Mason Quarry in Harding County, South Dakota. It is 8.5 m (28 ft.) long and the skull is almost 1 m (39 in.) in length.[1][2] ↑ Dinosaurs in the Museum. Oxford University Museum of Natural History (brochure, PDF), p. 7 ↑ BHI Fossil Replica Catalog 2012. Black Hills Institute of Geological Research, Inc., Hill City, SD, 2012 (PDF), p. 22

bone museum Hell Creek fossil +10
Mounted replica of a composite skeleton of Edmontosaurus annectens on display at the University of Oxford Museum, Oxford, England. The original skeleton is compiled from disarticulated fossil bones from a bonebed of the Hell Creek Formation, exposed in the Ruth Mason Quarry in Harding County, South Dakota. It is 8.5 m (28 ft.) long and the skull is almost 1 m (39 in.) in length.[1][2]


↑ Dinosaurs in the Museum. Oxford University Museum of Natural History (brochure, PDF), p. 7

↑ BHI Fossil Replica Catalog 2012. Black Hills Institute of Geological Research, Inc., Hill City, SD, 2012 (PDF), p. 22
Taxa Kritosaurini

Mounted replica of a composite skeleton of Edmontosaurus annectens on display at the University of Oxford Museum, Oxford, England. The original skeleton is compiled from disarticulated fossil bones from a bonebed of the Hell Creek Formation, exposed in the Ruth Mason Quarry in Harding County, South Dakota. It is 8.5 m (28 ft.) long and the skull is almost 1 m (39 in.) in length.[1][2] ↑ Dinosaurs in the Museum. Oxford University Museum of Natural History (brochure, PDF), p. 7 ↑ BHI Fossil Replica Catalog 2012. Black Hills Institute of Geological Research, Inc., Hill City, SD, 2012 (PDF), p. 22

bone museum Hell Creek fossil +10
Mounted replica of a composite skeleton of Edmontosaurus annectens on display at the University of Oxford Museum, Oxford, England. The original skeleton is compiled from disarticulated fossil bones from a bonebed of the Hell Creek Formation, exposed in the Ruth Mason Quarry in Harding County, South Dakota. It is 8.5 m (28 ft.) long and the skull is almost 1 m (39 in.) in length.[1][2]


↑ Dinosaurs in the Museum. Oxford University Museum of Natural History (brochure, PDF), p. 7

↑ BHI Fossil Replica Catalog 2012. Black Hills Institute of Geological Research, Inc., Hill City, SD, 2012 (PDF), p. 22
Taxa Saurolophini

Mounted replica of a composite skeleton of Edmontosaurus annectens on display at the University of Oxford Museum, Oxford, England. The original skeleton is compiled from disarticulated fossil bones from a bonebed of the Hell Creek Formation, exposed in the Ruth Mason Quarry in Harding County, South Dakota. It is 8.5 m (28 ft.) long and the skull is almost 1 m (39 in.) in length.[1][2] ↑ Dinosaurs in the Museum. Oxford University Museum of Natural History (brochure, PDF), p. 7 ↑ BHI Fossil Replica Catalog 2012. Black Hills Institute of Geological Research, Inc., Hill City, SD, 2012 (PDF), p. 22

bone museum Hell Creek fossil +10
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