formation

Aralazhdarcho bostobensis, ZIN PH 57/43, a proximal fragment of a left humerus in proximal (a), ventral (b), anterior (c), dorsal (d), and posterior (e) views. This specimen is from the Shakh Shakh II locality in the northeasten Aral Sea region of Kazakhstan; Bostobe Formation, Upper Cretaceous (Santonian – lower Campanian). Abbreviations: h, humeral head; pf, pneumatic foramen; uc, ulnar crest. Scale bar is 10 mm.

View of the badlands of the type locality for the North Horn Formation on North Horn Mountain.

Cervical vertebrae of rebbachisaurid sauropod Katepensaurus goicoecheai Ibiricu, Casal, Martínez, Lamanna, Luna, and Salgado, 2013a from the Cenomanian–Turonian Bajo Barreal Formation of Chubut Province, Argentina. A. UNPSJB-PV 1007/1, anterior cervical vertebra in anterior (A1) and right ventrolateral (A2) views. B. UNPSJB-PV 1007/2, anterior cervical vertebra in right lateral view. C. UNPSJB-PV 1007/3, middle cervical vertebra in right lateral view. Lateral fossae of the centrum (hypothesized as pneumatic in origin) indicated by arrows.

Diagram featuring the holotype (BNMNH-PV030) skull of the troodontid Papiliovenator neimengguensis, from the Bayan Mandahu Formation. Abbreviations: a, angular; d, dentary; f, frontal; j, jugal; l, lacrimal; m, maxilla; n, nasal; p, parietal; q, quadrate; s, surangular; sp, splenial.[1] References ↑ (2022). "A new troodontid from the Upper Cretaceous Gobi Basin of inner Mongolia, China". Cretaceous Research 130: Article 105052. DOI:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.105052.

This file represents a possible life appearance of the Indian Titanosaurian Sauropod dinosaur Jainosaurus septentrionalis from the Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of India, belonging to the Lameta Formation. References used: Huene & Matley (1933) Hunt et al. (1995) Gunnar Bivens' skeletal diagram Wilson et al. (2008) "Reassessment of Sauropod Dinosaur Jainosaurus (="Antarctosaurus") Septentrionalis from the Upper Cretaceous of India"

A reconstruction of Erythrovenator jacuiensis based on a skeletal by Maurissauro. This basal theropod comes from the Late Triassic Candelária Formation of Brazil.

Crato Formation pterosaur diversity – the dawn of Araripe pterosaur era. We emphasize that the coexistence of the taxa is merely illustrative, since the lack of geological context for most pterosaur fossils from the Araripe Basin prevents a precise inference of contemporaneity.

Plate 53. Borogovia gracilicrus gen. et sp. n. 1. Fragmentary right pes, in: a dorsal, b ventral, views; ZPAL MgD-11174, holotype, X 0.5. 2. Phalanx 11-1 of the left pes, medial view; same specimen, X 1. 3. Ungual of left second pedal digit, ventral view; same specimen, X 1. 4. Phalanx 111-3 of the left pes, lateral view; same specimen, X 1. 5. Phalanges IV-1 to IV-4 of the left pes, lateral view; same specimen, X 1. 6. Distal portion of right metatarsal 111, posterior view; same specimen, X 1. 7. Distal portion of left metatarsal IV, medial view; same specimen, X 1. 8. Distal portion of left metatarsal 11, lateral view; same specimen, X 1. 9. Right tibiotarsus, a distal portion and b proximal portion with fragment of the fibula attached, posterior views, c distal portion, anterior view, d distal portion, lateral view; same specimen, X 0.5. Nemegt Formation, ?Late Campanian or ?Early Maastrichtian, Ultan Ula IV, Nemegt Basin, Gobi Desert, Mongolia

Skull of troodontid theropod Xixiasaurus henanensis gen. et sp. nov. (HGM 41HIII−0201; holotype), lower–middle Majiacun Formation (Upper Cretaceous: Coniacian–Campanian), Henan Province, China; in dorsal (A); lateral (B), and ventral (C) views. Note that this version of the image does not include the interpretative lines of the version in the paper.

Reconstruction of the terrestrial paleoenvironmental setting of the Sao Khua Formation by Renata Cunha. In the center, a generalized spinosaurid feeds on a sauropod. This trophic relationship is hypothesized based on isolated tooth crowns found in association with a sauropod skeleton [67]. In the background, a small pack of the ornithomimosaur theropod Kinnareemimus. Both sauropods and ornithomimosaurs (as part of the “herbivorous” theropods) were found to be positively associated with terrestrial paleoenvironments by Butler and Barrett [15]. (cropped from File:Spinosaurid and Kinnareemimus.PNG)

Sachicasaurus vitae - holotype - Paja Formation, Colombia

Holotype specimen (PIMUZ A/III 1274) of Prosantosaurus scheffoldi gen. et spec. nov. from the upper Prosanto Formation (Early Ladinian, Middle Triassic) of Ducanfurgga locality no. 4, southwest of Davos, Canton of Grisons, south-eastern Switzerland. A Nearly complete specimen as prepared in dorsal view. The posterior part of the tail was lost prior to burial. Both forearms are not visible but lie below the trunk region, pointing in an anteromedial direction (see Additional file 1: Fig. S3A). B Detail of skull and anterior neck region. C Outline sketch of skull sutures. D Detail of shoulder girdle (claviculae, scapulae) and anterior dorsal vertebrae and ribs. E Detail of right humerus. F Detail of posterior dorsal vertebrae and ribs, sacral vertebrae and ribs, and anterior caudal vertebrae and ribs. G Detail of left ilium and hindlimb. ar articular; as astragalus; bo basioccipital; cal calcaneus; cl clavicula; co coracoid; d dentary; en external naris; eo exoccipital; fe femur; fi fibula; fr frontal; hu humerus; il ilium; in internal naris; is ischium; j jugal; mx maxilla; na naris; o orbit; pa parietal; pl palatine; pmx premaxilla; pof postfrontal; po postorbital; prf prefrontal; pt pterygoid; pu pubis; q quadrate; qj quadratojugal; ti tibia; sacr sacral rib; sc scapula; so supraoccipital; sp splenial; sq squamosal; su surangular; utf upper temporal fenestra; v vomer

Mandible in Bagaraatan ostromi gen. et sp. n. from the mid-Maastrichtian Nemegt Formation at Nemegt, Mongolia. A-B. Reconstruction on left mandible in lateral and medial views. Left dentary in dorsal view. D-E. Posterior part of left mandible in dorsal and posterior views. F. Cross-section through dentary at the end of preserved fragment.

Reconstruction of the holotype material of Silutitan sinensis (IVPP V27874), a Cretaceous euhelopid sauropod from the Chinese Shengjinkou Formation, scaled after Euhelopus zdanskyi. Silhouette modified from "Euhelopus zdanskyi Skeletal" by Gunnar Bivens (CC BY 3.0) (https://www.deviantart.com/gunnarbivens/art/Euhelopus-zdanskyi-Skeletal-833724646)

Alvarezsauridae gen. et sp. indet., posterior caudal vertebrae. Dzharakuduk, Uzbekistan; Bissekty Formation, Upper Cretaceous (Turonian). a-e, ZIN PH 2441/16, two vertebrae preserved in articulation, in anterior (a), dorsal (b), posterior (c), lateral (d), and ventral (e) views. f-j, ZIN PH 2442/16, vertebra missing ventral part of the centrum, in dorsal (f), lateral (g), ventral (h), anterior (i), and posterior (j).

Figure 1: Reconstruction of the skull of Bellusaurus sui from the Middle-Late Jurassic Shishugou Formation of Xinjiang, China. This reconstruction is a composite based on isolated holotypic and referred material. (A) Right lateral view. (B) Dorsal view. Holotypic elements are indicated in blue and referred elements are in green.